Un gúgol es, literalmente, un 1 seguido de 100 ceros. Su expresión correcta sería 10.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 ó 10^100. Y equivaldría a diez mil sexdecillones.
Como tal, comenzó a conceptualizarse a principios del siglo XX cuando recibió su nombre. Por cierto, bastante representativo. Sin embargo, no tiene ninguna practicidad matemática en sí, ni tampoco un uso concreto dentro de alguna fórmula o teoría específica. Se trata simplemente de un número con fines divulgativos para crear conciencia de las magnitudes y posibilidades infinitas de las matemáticas. Especialmente cuando imaginamos las cifras como algo físico o como una cantidad.
El gúgol de Edward Kasner
El matemático estadounidense Edward Kasner fue quien introdujo el término gúgol entre los años 20 y 30 con el fin de despertar el interés público en la ciencia. Y explicar conceptos matemáticos complejos.
Buscó un número llamativo, fácilmente identificable por sus cualidades, pero lo suficientemente grande y complejo como para dimensionarlo. Fue así como eligió el 1 seguido de 100 ceros y buscó junto a su sobrino, Milton Sirotta, un nombre acorde para bautizarlo.
El único requisito para determinar su apelativo era que debía contener muchas letras «o» para representar la ingente cantidad de ceros. Fue así como Milton definió el término «gúgol», pronunciado «googol» en inglés.
Edward Kasner habló del gúgol en una conferencia de 1937, describiéndolo como un número «tan grande que es infinito, que no se puede nombrar ni hablar de él». De hecho, es tan grande que supera la cantidad de átomos en el universo, que actualmente se calculan en 10^80.
La inspiración de Google
En 1995, Larry Page y Sergey Brin crearon un motor de búsqueda que recopilaba y clasificaba enlaces de la world wide web según su importancia. Al principio, este proyecto se llamaba Backrub, pero poco después fue rebautizado bajo el nombre Google.
Google es un juego de palabras con gúgol, el número 1 seguido de 100 ceros, que representaba de forma muy acertada la misión de Page y Brin. Esta es organizar la inmensa cantidad de información del mundo, aparentemente infinita, hacerla accesible y útil.
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