Si hay algo de lo que puede presumir la lengua española es de su riqueza incontestable. Siendo tan antigua, el tiempo fue amoldando y acostumbrando una infinidad de expresiones y frases hechas que se siguen usando con frecuencia en lo cotidiano. Aunque no se sepa de dónde vienen. A diferencia de los refranes de sabiduría popular, las frases hechas tienen sentido figurado y se asocian con la mayoría de los hablantes de una comunidad lingüística, en todos sus niveles socioculturales.
Quizás con segundas partes, en este artículo repasaremos de dónde vienen algunas de ellas.
Salvarse por los pelos
«Salvarse por los pelos» es probablemente una de las frases hechas más escuchadas ahí afuera. Su origen viene de los barcos, de la época en que el mercado, el transporte, la exploración y la guerra se hacían por mar, y una parte de la población trabajadora lo hacía en la costa.
Sin embargo, no todos los marineros sabían nadar o tenían mínimos conocimientos para no ahogarse. Ante este peligro, era obligación tácita dejarse melena larga para que, en caso de caer al agua, otros compañeros pudieran salvarlos del hundimiento agarrándolos por los pelos.
Aburrirse como una ostra
Bueno, todos hemos dicho esto alguna vez en un momento de hastío e inapetencia. Pero no sabíamos a qué nos referíamos exactamente. Esto de «aburrirse como una ostra» poco tiene que ver con los moluscos. En este caso, la frase deriva del ostracismo, un castigo impuesto en la Grecia clásica que consistía en desterrar a un individuo durante un periodo determinado.
«Ostra» es el apócope del término griego ostrakon, un artilugio de cerámica en el que se escribía el nombre del desterrado. Era común que durante el tiempo de exilio el ostracista vagase sin rumbo, en soledad y absoluto aburrimiento, por lo que de ahí surgió la expresión popular.
No hay tu tía
Cuando decimos que «no hay tu tía» nos referimos a la incapacidad de conseguir un objetivo en concreto. A que no hay manera de que sea posible. Como suele pasar en el lenguaje, esta es una de esas frases hechas que se deben a un error de pronunciación o traducción.
Viene de la palabra atutía, del árabe tutíyya, que era el hollín del óxido de cinc con el que se elaboraban antiguamente diversos ungüentos medicinales. La locución original de «no hay atutía» se empleaba para indicar que no había remedio a cierta enfermedad. Pero el paso del tiempo y el error de pronunciación nos llevó a pensar en los parentescos para referirnos a que algo no es factible.
A buenas horas, mangas verdes
«A buenas horas, mangas verdes», es la forma peyorativa de marcar la demora de un auxilio o una solución a cualquier conflicto. O que los méritos de alguna situación llegan tarde.
Esta frase hecha se debe a los Cuerpos de la Santa Hermandad que crearon los Reyes Católicos para ayudar en las emergencias a finales del siglo XV. Vestían un uniforme bastante identificativo con mangas verdes y, según registros de los dos siglos posteriores, se ganaron la fama de impuntuales en sus labores. Cuando llegaban al lugar de los hechos, la mayoría de las veces los vecinos ya habían solucionado el problema. Por lo que acostumbraban a reprocharles su tardanza diciendo: «¡a buenas horas, mangas verdes!»
Echarle a otro el muerto
Cuando intentamos «echarle a otro el muerto» lo que hacemos es imputar a un tercero culpas que no le corresponden, para evadir responsabilidades. Esta expresión viene de la Edad Media.
Según leyendas de la época, cuando aparecía el cuerpo de una persona muerta en circunstancias violentas y desconocidas, sin esclarecerse cuáles habían sido los hechos, los vecinos de la población debían pagar una multa. Para evitar estas sanciones, los habitantes planeaban todo tipo de argucias y artimañas que les diese impunidad.
Primero, no hablar del tema y mantener el hallazgo en el más absoluto secreto. Segundo, deshacerse del cadáver, arrojándolo en las orillas del pueblo más cercano en la oscuridad de la noche, fingiendo que aquello que hubiera pasado pasó en las lindes vecinas, no en las propias. Esto resultaba en que la responsabilidad de lo sucedido se le asumía a otras personas, y con ella también las multas. A no ser, claro, que el asesino fuera capturado.
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