El maestro William Napier dijo una vez del ajedrez que “la vida no es lo suficientemente larga para decifrarlo, pero eso es culpa de la vida, no del ajedrez«. Este juego, enigmático en sí, ha tenido una vida gloriosamente extensa empezando en el antiguo Imperio Persa Sasánida en el año 600 d.C. Ha pasado por cientos de modificaciones, ajustes y mejoras a lo largo de los siglos, la mayoría de ellos en el siglo XX. Y en las últimas décadas se ha gestado cierta controversia relacionada con la inteligencia artificial DeepMind de Google, que supone un avance importante en la industria y un reto insuperable para la humanidad.
El antecedente de DeepMind
El atractivo del ajedrez es universal y así ha sido por mucho tiempo. Sin embargo, el interés creció en la actualidad con la introducción de la tecnología de computación. Las PC´s demostraron ser jugadoras formidables y, eventualmente, imbatibles. En 1997, el enorme Deep Blue de IBM obtuvo una victoria sin precedentes contra el entonces campeón mundial, Gary Kasparov. En 2007, un teléfono celular pudo vencer a sus rivales en un torneo con nueve victorias y un empate.
Tras estos acontecimientos, muchos fanáticos del juego de mesa han expresado su consternación ante la creciente dependencia de los motores de ajedrez computarizados para preparar y generar nuevas estrategias. También ha disminuido notablemente el número de juegos decisivos a favor de la humanidad.
![Máquina jugando a ajedrez](https://tintaindomita.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Ajedrez.jpg)
Recientemente uno de los grandes maestros de ajedrez a nivel mundial, Vladimir Kramnik, comentó: «Para una gran cantidad de juegos al más alto nivel, la mitad del juego o a veces uno completo, se juega sin memoria humana. Ni siquiera juegan una estrategia propia, juegan la preparación hecha y recomendada por su computadora«.
La gente del proyecto DeepMind AI de Google se propuso hacer algo al respecto. Invitaron a Kramnik a trabajar con investigadores de inteligencia artificial para desarrollar AlphaZero. En 2017 se le enseñó a vencer a expertos de ajedrez, go y shogi. Su objetivo: «Explorar y diseñar de forma creativa nuevas variantes de ajedrez», conservando los principios básicos del juego. AlphaZero recibió nueve parámetros que alteraron las acciones clave y se quedó solo para aprender y diseñar nuevas estrategias para ganar.
Los pilares de la Inteligencia Artificial
Según DeepMind, AlphaZero puede aprender estrategias casi óptimas para cualquier conjunto de reglas desde cero, sin supervisión humana, cultivándose continuamente desde su propia experiencia. El software aprendió en horas lo que los humanos aprenden en años para dominar la disciplina.
Algunos dicen que la estrategia de AlphaZero procedió de manera más natural que los motores de ajedrez más antiguos. El gran maestro inglés Matthew Salder se maravilló de la recreación y exploración del software de estrategias de ajedrez aparentemente infinitas. Dijo que era como «descubrir los cuadernos secretos de algún gran jugador del pasado”.
El análisis de AlphaZero, su aplicación de variantes e incluso un rediseño del tablero contribuyen a lo que podría verse como una reinvención del arte centenario del ajedrez.
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