El 14 de octubre de 1947, un general de Brigada de la Fuerza Aérea de los Estados Unidos llamado Charles Elwood Yeager rompió por primera vez la barrera del sonido en un avión experimental Bell X-1. Este acontecimiento marcó un antes y un después en los estudios de aerodinámica y resolvió muchas de las cuestiones que se empezaron a plantear durante la II Guerra Mundial acerca de los límites físicos de la velocidad, la compresibilidad y la ingeniería de aviación.
Poco después de la proeza, la barrera del sonido pasó a ser un umbral normalmente salvable por los aviones. Y dio mayor contexto a los avances tanto en el transporte comercial como en aeronaves militares.
La velocidad sónica y supersónica
El sonido o las ondas sonoras se propaga a una velocidad de 343.2 m/s en la atmósfera terrestre, unos 1,235 km/h, en condiciones normales de 20ºC, 50% de humedad y al nivel del mar. Esta cifra varía según el medio en que se transmite, no de las características de la onda. Sirve, entre otras cosas, para estudiar las propiedades del mismo medio.
Siguiendo la misma lógica, una velocidad es supersónica cuando supera en cualquier medida la velocidad del sonido. Es decir, es mayor que 1,235 km/h, en condiciones similares. Actualmente muchos aviones de combate y otras naves de exhibición aérea se encuentran en la categoría supersónica. Incluso existe una clasificación mayor, la hipersónica, que equivale a 5 veces esta velocidad.
La barrera del sonido
Estos conceptos comenzaron a estudiarse y definirse dentro de la aerodinámica. El umbral físico de la barrera del sonido se denominó así por la teoría inicial de que la resistencia del aire ante la velocidad de un cuerpo aumentaba exponencialmente. Por lo que un avión nunca podría superarla aunque incrementase su propia celeridad con la creciente potencia de sus motores.
Fue el físico y filósofo austríaco Ernst Mach el que desmintió esta hipótesis en el siglo XIX. Concluyó que, llegado a un punto, la resistencia no aumenta sino que se reduce. A partir de esta deducción se comprendió la barrera del sonido como algo posible de atravesar. Siempre y cuando la propulsión y la aerodinámica lo permitiesen, superando el punto máximo de resistencia del aire.
En su trabajo, propuso una unidad de medida para expresar la velocidad de un objeto con respecto a la velocidad del sonido, el número Mach. En esta escala, Mach 1 es la velocidad del sonido, Mach 2 es dos veces la velocidad del sonido, y así consecutivamente
Durante la II Guerra Mundial la ciencia se abocó en la investigación para superar estos límites de la física, especialmente para objetos de gran tamaño. El término de velocidad supersónica comenzó a extenderse y pronto la ingeniería desarrolló motores de reacción y mejoras en la estructura de los aviones que hicieron posible romper por primera vez esta barrera.
La singularidad de Prandtl-Glauert
Cuando esto sucede tiene lugar la llamada singularidad de Prandtl-Glauert, el fenómeno que hace manifiesta la ruptura física de la explosión sónica. Cuando un avión se acerca a la velocidad del sonido el aire a su alrededor se convierte en un fluido compresible y ofrece más resistencia.
El fenómeno es resultado de una caída súbita de la presión en condiciones de cierta humedad. Causa una nube de condensación visible en el momento exacto del traspaso de los 1,235 km/h.
La proeza de Chuck Yeager al romper la barrera del sonido
Charles Elwood Yeager, conocido como Chuck Yeager, fue el primer hombre en atravesar oficialmente la barrera del sonido en 1947. Lo hizo a velocidad Mach 1 y una altura de 45,000 pies volando un Bell X-1 sobre el desierto del Mojave, en Estados Unidos. Seis años después, Yeager logró alcanzar un nuevo récord, al superar Mach 2.
La aeronave se encuentra expuesta actualmente en el Museo Nacional del Aire y el Espacio de Washington. Y sentó un precedente en la industria de aviación comercial y militar.
El mismo día 14 de octubre del año 2012, el paracaidista austríaco Felix Baumgartner rompió la barrera del sonido en caída libre por primera vez en la historia sin ayuda de maquinaria externa. Se lanzó desde una altura de casi 40,000 metros y alcanzó la velocidad supersónica durante los primeros 40 segundos.
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