La pérdida del archivo de conocimiento más grande del mundo antiguo, la Biblioteca de Alejandría, se ha lamentado durante siglos. Pero cómo y por qué se perdió sigue siendo un misterio. El enigma existe no por falta de sospechosos sino por exceso de ellos.
Alejandría fue fundada en Egipto por Alejandro Magno en el año 331 a.C. Su sucesor como faraón, Ptolomeo I, se encargó de construir el Museo de Alejandría o Sede de las Musas en el 283 a.C. El Museo era un santuario inspirado en el Liceo de Aristóteles en Atenas, un lugar de estudio que incluía áreas de conferencias, jardines, un zoológico y espacios dedidcados para cada una de las nueve musas, así como la biblioteca misma.
Se ha estimado que en algún momento, la Biblioteca de Alejandría tenía más de medio millón de documentos originales de Asiria, Grecia, Persia, Egipto, India y muchas otras naciones. Más de 100 académicos vivían en el Museo a tiempo completo para realizar investigaciones, dar conferencias o traducir y copiar escritos. El archivo era tan grande que en realidad tenía otra sucursal más pequeña en el Templo de Serapis.
La quema de la Biblioteca de Alejandría, por Julio César
La primera persona a la que se culpa por destruir la Biblioteca no es otro que el propio Julio César. En el 48 a.C., César estaba persiguiendo a Pompeyo hasta Egipto cuando súbitamente fue cortado por una flota egipcia en Alejandría. Muy superado en número y en territorio enemigo, ordenó que se incendiaran los barcos en el puerto. El fuego se extendió y destruyó la flota egipcia. Sin embargo, también quemó parte de la ciudad donde se encontraba la gran Biblioteca. César escribió sobre el incendio en el puerto, pero se olvidó de mencionar que tal acontecimiento también generó casi la destrucción de uno de los lugares más preciados de la Antigüedad.
Tal omisión prueba poco, ya que no tenía la costumbre de incluir hechos poco halagadores al escribir su propia historia. No obstante, el evento no estuvo exento de detractores públicos que, para desgracia del gobernador, se encargaron de documentar todo lo acontecido.
La destrucción a manos de los cristianos
La segunda historia de la destrucción de la Biblioteca es más popular, principalmente por la decadencia y caída del Imperio Romano. Sin embargo, también es más compleja.
Teófilo fue Patriarca de Alejandría del 385 al 412 d.C. Durante su reinado, el Templo de Serapis se convirtió en una iglesia cristiana alrededor del 391 d.C., y es probable que muchos documentos fueran destruidos en consecuencia. Se estimó que este recinto albergaba alrededor del diez por ciento de las existencias de la Biblioteca de Alejandría. Después de su muerte lo sucedió su sobrino Cyril y no pasó mucho tiempo antes de que estallaran los disturbios por asuntos religiosos.
Alejandría era conocida por su política violenta y volátil. Cristianos, judíos y paganos vivían todos juntos dentro de la ciudad.
Un monje cristiano fue asesinado públicamente por orden de Hipatia, una filósofa hija del último miembro y guardia de la Biblioteca de Alejandría. Aunque cabe señalar que algunos cuentan a la propia Hipatia como la última Bibliotecaria Jefe. Inmediatamente después de la muerte del monje, un grupo de judíos que habían ayudado a instigar su asesinato atrajo a más cristianos a la calle, proclamando que la iglesia estaba en llamas. Cuando los cristianos se apresuraron a salir, una multitud mayoritariamente judía mató a muchos de ellos. Después hubo un caos masivo, cuando los cristianos tomaron represalias contra todos, entre ellos Hipatia. La historia varía dependiendo de quién la cuente, pero concluye en que los cristianos la apresaron, la arrastraron por las calles y la asesinaron frente a todo el pueblo, quemando la Biblioteca como acto final.
Algunos historiadores consideran la muerte de Hipatia y destrucción de la Biblioteca a manos cristianas como la versión más fiable. Otros culpan a Teófilo por destruir el Templo de Serapis al permitir su conversión en una iglesia cristiana. Muchos han confundido ambos incidentes y han culpado a Teófilo por asesinar simultáneamente a Hipatia y destruir la Biblioteca, aunque es obvio que él murió antes del resto de acontecimientos.
La destrucción de la Biblioteca de Alejandría por el califa Omar
El último individuo al que se culpa por la destrucción del monumento es el califa musulmán Omar. En el año 640 d.C., los islámicos tomaron la ciudad de Alejandría. Hay registros de que el califa ordenó quemar todos los textos ya que contradecían el Corán y eran herejía. Según esta teoría, la Biblioteca fue destruida y usada como yesca para construir baños en la ciudad. Se dice que se necesitaron 6 meses para incendiar todos los documentos.
Es importante mencionar que los registros que describen este suceso datan de 300 años después del hecho mismo. Fueron redactados por el obispo Gregory Bar, un cristiano que pasó mucho tiempo escribiendo sobre las atrocidades musulmanas sin mucha documentación histórica.
Los hechos más probables
Entonces, ¿cual sería la versión más verídica sobre la destrucción del recinto? La mayoría de los escritores achacaban la catástrofe a quien más les convenía. Desde Plutarco, quien aparentemente culpaba a César por temas personales. Edward Gibbons, un ateo o deísta acérrimo, que acusaba a los cristianos y a Teófilo. Y el obispo Gregory, que era particularmente anti-musulmán. Todos tenían motivos íntimos para redactar sus interpretaciones que, en consecuencia, se encuentran sesgadas.
Probablemente todos los mencionados participaron en la destrucción parcial de las propiedades de la Biblioteca. Es posible que la colección haya disminuido con el tiempo, ya que algunos documentos fueron destruidos y otros fueron regalados. Por ejemplo, Marco Antonio dio a Cleopatra más de 200,000 pergaminos para la Biblioteca mucho después de que se acusara a Julio César de quemarla.
También es probable que si la biblioteca del Museo principal cayera, la del Templo de Serapis continuara en pie. Muchos escritores las equiparan, aunque técnicamente estaban en dos partes diferentes de la ciudad. La verdadera tragedia, por supuesto, no es la incertidumbre, sino la pérdida de gran parte de la historia antigua, la literatura y el conocimiento.
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