La momificación es el proceso de preservar el cuerpo humano después de la muerte, secándolo o embalsamándolo deliberadamente. Por lo general, esto implicaba antiguamente eliminar la humedad de un cuerpo y usar productos químicos o conservantes naturales, como la resina, para agostar la carne y los órganos. Las momias también se crean por procesos accidentales o no intencionales, lo que se conoce como momificación natural. Esto puede suceder cuando un cadáver se expone al frío extremo, a condiciones muy secas o algún otro factor ambiental que mitiga la descomposición.
Las momias más antiguas conocidas
La momia más antigua se encuentra en América del Norte, en las afueras de Nevada. El cuerpo se hallaba en una tumba poco profunda, preservado por la atmósfera seca y el aire enrarecido de la cueva. El desubrimiento ocurrió a principios del año 1940 y originalmente se creía que tenía entre 1,500 y 2,000 años de edad. El individuo fue posteriormente fechado por radiocarbono en la década de 1990 y se determinó que tenía más de 10,000 años.
En contraste, la momia egipcia más antigua conocida que se conservó artificialmente data de hace poco más de 5,500 años. Era de una mujer joven cuyo cuerpo fue envuelto en lino y piel después de su muerte.
La momia más antigua conocida en Europa, conservada de forma natural, es Ötzi el Hombre de Hielo, que vivió hace unos 5,300 años. Después de que Ötzi fuera asesinado en lo que ahora son los Alpes italianos, su cuerpo se conservó en la nieve y el hielo hasta que los turistas lo descubrieron en 1991.
La primera civilización en practicar la momificación
Las momias más antiguas enterradas deliberadamente fueron descubiertas en el Valle de Camarones de Chile. Este lugar se encuentra en el extremo norte del país, en una región llamada Desierto de Atacama. Una estrecha franja de tierra entre el Océano Pacífico y la Cordillera de los Andes, que recibe poca lluvia y es considerado uno de los parajes más secos de la Tierra. Las momias fueron encontradas en 1917 por el arqueólogo alemán Max Uhle en la playa Chinchorro cerca de la ciudad de Arica, según informó CNN.
Pertenecen a lo que Uhle llamó la cultura chinchorro de hace 9,000 a 3,100 años, que vivió en lo que hoy es el sur de Perú y el norte de Chile. La momificación de Chinchorro comenzó hace unos 7,000 años, dos milenios antes de las primeras momias egipcias conocidas. Aunque la práctica se volvió más sofisticada con el tiempo, el proceso básico siguió siendo el mismo. Comenzaba por la extirpación de tejidos blandos, órganos y cerebro. Seguía por el secado del cuerpo hueco y terminaba por colocar cada uno de nuevo en su lugar. La piel se rellenaba con juncos, plantas secas u otros vegetales. Se insertaban palos en los brazos y piernas. Se colocaban máscaras de arcilla en el rostro, a menudo pelucas y, para finalizar, se pintaba.
No solo la élite, sino todos los segmentos de la sociedad chinchorro fueron momificados, incluidos bebés, niños, adultos e incluso fetos.
La momificación en el Antiguo Egipto
Fue en el Antiguo Egipto donde la momificación alcanzó su mayor esplendor. Las primeras momias egipcias aparecen en el registro arqueológico aproximadamente en el año 3500 a.C. En la época del Imperio Antiguo, o Era de las Pirámides, esta práctica estaba muy arraigada en la sociedad. Se convirtió en un pilar en períodos posteriores, alcanzando el grado de sofisticación durante el Imperio Nuevo, aproximadamente después de 1550 a.C.
A diferencia de la sociedad chinchorro, la momificación en Egipto estaba típicamente reservada para la élite, la realeza, las familias nobles, los funcionarios del gobierno y los ricos. Rara vez se momificaba a la gente común porque era bastante caro.
El proceso estaba profundamente entrelazado con las creencias religiosas de la sociedad, obsesionada con la vida después de la muerte. Creían que cuando una persona moría, su esencia espiritual sobrevivía. El alma emprendía un viaje donde se encontraba con numerosos seres divinos y demoníacos, camino al juicio de Osiris, el dios de los muertos. Si se encontraba libre de culpa, al difunto se le permitía vivir con ellos en un paraíso eterno.
El proceso de embalsamamiento
El método más elaborado de momificación consistía en extraer primero el cerebro y muchos de los órganos internos, especialmente el contenido del abdomen. Por lo general, el cerebro se extraía con un instrumento metálico curvo que se insertaba a través de las fosas nasales, mientras que los otros órganos se extraían a mano después de hacer una incisión a lo largo del vientre. La cavidad ya vacía se llenaba con una variedad de especias aromáticas, como mirra y casia, hechas de la corteza de los árboles de hoja perenne, antes de coser el cuerpo. El corazón siempre se dejaba dentro, ya que creían que era el aspecto más importante de la persona y que contenía el intelecto. Luego, se cubría al difunto con sal durante 70 días para eliminar toda la humedad. Después de ese tiempo, se lavaba y se envolvía en lino. Se aplicaba una resina pegajosa para asegurarse de que los vendajes se adhirieran. Y, finalmente, se entregaba el cadáver a los familiares para enterrarlo en un ataúd de madera hecho a mano y preservarlo en un cámara funeraria.
La momificación egipcia se desvaneció gradualmente en el siglo IV, cuando Roma gobernaba Egipto. Luego, con el advenimiento del cristianismo, cesó su práctica.
Hoy, salvo en casos muy raros, la momificación se considera un arte perdido. La mayoría de las sociedades lo ven como extraño o arcaico, un mero recuerdo de una época pasada. Sin embargo, se puede ver cierta influencia del proceso en las funerarias modernas, donde el embalsamamiento juega un papel importante en honor a los fallecidos.
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