Los Caballeros Templarios fueron una gran organización de cristianos devotos durante la época medieval que llevaron a cabo una importante misión. Proteger a los viajeros europeos que visitaban lugares en Tierra Santa, mientras realizaban operaciones militares.
Era una orden adinerada, poderosa y misteriosa que ha fascinado a los historiadores y al público durante siglos. Las historias de los Caballeros Templarios, su perspicacia financiera, su destreza militar y su trabajo en nombre del cristianismo durante las Cruzadas todavía circulan por la cultura moderna.
La creación de la orden de Los Caballeros Templarios
Después de que los ejércitos cristianos recuperasen Jerusalén del control musulmán en el año 1099 durante las Cruzadas, grupos de peregrinos de toda Europa Occidental comenzaron a visitar la Tierra Santa. Sin embargo, muchos de ellos fueron asaltados y asesinados mientras atravesaban territorios controlados por musulmanes durante su viaje. Alrededor del año 1118, un caballero francés llamado Hugues de Payens creó una orden militar junto con ocho parientes y conocidos. La denominó como los Pobres Compañeros del Sol de Cristo y el Templo de Salomón y más tarde se les conocería como Los Caballeros Templarios.
Con el apoyo de Baldwin II, el gobernante de Jerusalén, establecieron su sede en el sagrado Monte del Templo, la raíz de su nombre.
Inicialmente, los Caballeros Templarios enfrentaron críticas de algunos líderes religiosos. Pero en 1129, el grupo recibió el respaldo formal de la Iglesia Católica y el apoyo de Bernardo de Claraval, un prominente abad francés. Bernardo fue el autor de En alabanza a la nueva caballería, un texto que apoyó a Los Caballeros Templarios y reforzó su crecimiento.
En 1139, el Papa Inocencio II emitió una orden Papal que concedía derechos especiales a los Caballeros Templarios. Entre ellos, los caballeros estaban exentos de pagar impuestos, se les permitía construir sus propios oratorios y no estaban sujetos a la autoridad de nadie, excepto a la del Papa.
El propósito y el compromiso de los Caballeros
Los Caballeros Templarios establecieron una próspera red de bancos y obtuvieron una enorme influencia financiera. Su sistema bancario permitió a los peregrinos religiosos depositar activos en sus países de origen y retirar fondos en Tierra Santa.
La orden se hizo conocida por su código de conducta austero y su estilo de vestimenta característico, que presentaba un hábito blanco adornado con una cruz roja. Los miembros hicieron un juramento de pobreza, castidad y obediencia. No se les permitía beber, jugar ni jurar. La oración era esencial para su vida diaria y los integrantes expresaron una adoración particular por la Virgen María.

Fuente de la imagen: National Geographic
A medida que Los Caballeros Templarios crecieron en tamaño y estatus, establecieron nuevos capítulos en toda Europa Occidental. En el apogeo de su influencia, los Templarios contaban con una considerable flota de barcos, eran dueños de la isla mediterránea de Chipre y sirvieron como banco principal e institución crediticia para los monarcas y nobles europeos. Aunque su propósito original era proteger a los peregrinos del peligro, los Caballeros Templarios expandieron progresivamente sus funciones. Se convirtieron en defensores de los estados cruzados en Tierra Santa y fueron conocidos como guerreros valientes y altamente capacitados.
El grupo desarrolló una reputación de luchadores feroces durante las Cruzadas, impulsados por el fervor religioso y con la prohibición de retirarse a menos que los superaran en número. Los templarios construyeron numerosas fortalezas y a menudo ganaban batallas contra los ejércitos islámicos. Su estilo de lucha audaz se convirtió en un modelo para otras órdenes militares.
La caída de los Templarios
A finales del siglo XII, los ejércitos musulmanes volvieron a tomar Jerusalén y cambiaron el rumbo de las Cruzadas, lo que obligó a los Caballeros Templarios a trasladarse varias veces. La caída de Acre en 1291 marcó la destrucción del último refugio cruzado que quedaba en Tierra Santa. El apoyo europeo a las campañas militares en la zona comenzó a erosionarse durante las décadas siguientes. Además, muchos líderes seculares y religiosos se volvieron cada vez más críticos con la riqueza y el poder de los Templarios.
En 1303, los Caballeros perdieron su presencia en el mundo musulmán y establecieron una base de operaciones en París. Allí, el rey Felipe IV de Francia resolvió derribar la orden. Tal vez porque los Templarios le habían negado préstamos adicionales al endeudado gobernante.
Detenciones, ejecuciones y la disolución de la orden
El viernes 13 de octubre de 1307, decenas de Templarios franceses fueron arrestados, incluido el gran maestre de la orden Jacques de Molay. Muchos de los Caballeros fueron brutalmente torturados hasta confesar cargos falsos, que incluían herejía, homosexualidad, corrupción financiera, adoración al diablo, fraude, sacrilegio y más.
Unos años más tarde, otros Caballeros fueron quemados en la hoguera en París por sus confesiones. De Molay fue ejecutado en 1314. Bajo la presión del rey Felipe IV, el papa Clemente V disolvió a regañadientes a los Caballeros Templarios en 1312.
Las propiedades y los activos monetarios del grupo fueron entregados a una orden rival, los Caballeros Hospitalarios. Sin embargo, se cree que el rey Felipe IV y el rey Eduardo II de Inglaterra se apoderaron de la mayor parte de la riqueza que dejó la orden.

Fuente de la imagen: History Channel
Los Caballeros Templarios en la actualidad
La Iglesia Católica ha reconocido que la persecución de los Caballeros Templarios fue injustificada. Se afirma que el Papa Clemente fue presionado por gobernantes seculares para destruir la orden. La mayoría de los historiadores están de acuerdo en que los Caballeros Templarios se disolvieron por completo hace 700 años. Sin embargo, hay algunas personas que creen que la orden pasó a la clandestinidad y sigue existiendo de alguna forma hasta el día de hoy.
En el siglo XVIII, algunos grupos, en particular los masones, revivieron varios de los símbolos, rituales y tradiciones de los caballeros medievales. Actualmente hay varias organizaciones internacionales con el estilo de los Caballeros Templarios a las que el público puede unirse. Estos grupos tienen representantes en todo el mundo y tienen como objetivo defender los valores y tradiciones del orden medieval original.
A lo largo de los años, han surgido varias historias sobre el misterioso trabajo de los Caballeros. Más recientemente, las historias sobre los legendarios Templarios se han abierto camino en libros y películas populares. Algunos historiadores han afirmado que los Caballeros Templarios pudieron haber guardado en secreto la Sábana Santa de Turín, un lienzo que se cree que se colocó sobre el cuerpo de Jesucristo antes de su entierro.
Otra creencia generalizada es que los Caballeros descubrieron artefactos religiosos, como el Santo Grial, el Arca de la Alianza y partes de la cruz de Cristo. Existen otras ideas y mitos sobre las operaciones secretas de los Caballeros Templarios. La popular novela y película El Código Da Vinci presenta la teoría de que los Templarios estaban involucrados en una conspiración para preservar el linaje de Jesucristo.
Aunque muchas de estas especulaciones se consideran ficticias, no hay duda de que los Caballeros Templarios han provocado intriga y fascinación, y probablemente continúen haciéndolo durante muchos años.
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