Cuentan las crónicas anglosajonas y los poemas nórdicos que Ivar el Deshuesado hizo cortar un águila en la espalda de Ælla, rey de Northumbria, para vengar la muerte de su padre Ragnar Lodbrok. Según estos escritos, se trataba del águila de sangre, un procedimiento de tortura y ejecución que se realizaba como rito de sacrificio humano durante la era vikinga.
Sin embargo, el único registro de esta práctica son los mismos escritos, sin ninguna otra evidencia arqueológica o histórica. Es por eso que su autenticidad es muy debatida. Para algunos es el retrato de una sociedad pagana y sanguinaria, quizás exagerado por el cristianismo que se extendía en aquel entonces. Para otros, una mezcla entre la ficción de la literatura escandinava y la inexactitud de las traducciones de los textos.
En qué consistía el águila de sangre
La mención más reciente del águila de sangre en la cultura popular tuvo lugar en un episodio de la serie Vikings, producida por History. En la escena misma se mostraba, más o menos explícitamente, cómo cortaban la espalda de la víctima, se le retiraba la piel y las costillas desde la columna hacia los costados simulando dos alas, y se le extraían los pulmones, colocándolos sobre los hombros.
Esta descripción es la misma que consta en los registros. Según ellos, algunos de los que recibieron esta ejecución fueron Ælla de Northumbria, Edmundo Mártir de Anglia Oriental, Halfdan Haleg, hijo de Harald I de Noruega y el arzobispo Ælfheah de Canterbury.
El espeluznante procedimiento causaría la muerte casi inmediata del enjuiciado. Por lo que gran parte del rito se estaría practicando sobre un cadáver.
La ejecución, anatómicamente posible
Aunque no existe evidencia física ni arqueológica de la existencia de esta práctica, historiadores de la Universidad de Islandia hicieron varias investigaciones recientes para probar la posibilidad de realizar el águila de sangre. Y la conclusión inequívoca a la que llegaron es que sí.
El objetivo del estudio era únicamente conocer si el ritual es anatómicamente posible. Para ello analizaron a detalle los relatos medievales que hacen mención del mismo, teniendo en cuenta los conocimientos de anatomía, fisiología y medicina actuales.
Contrastando el impacto que el águila de sangre tendría en el cuerpo humano junto con la certeza histórica de las armas usadas en la época, llegaron a la conclusión de que las puntas de lanza con púas vikingas habrían podido abrir la caja torácica desde la espalda. Este sería el paso más complejo del ritual que, a pesar de esta posibilidad, no sería nada sencillo.
Eso sí, el estudio comprobó que al momento de extraer la piel y las costillas, antes de extirpar los pulmones, la víctima ya habría muerto.
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