A lo largo de la historia del hombre, la guerra ha sido una constante inherente al desarrollo geopolítico, económico y social de cualquier imperio, reino o país. Para algunos reyes y emperadores ha significado mucho más que una mera fórmula para expandir sus territorios y engordar su poder. De hecho, muchos la consideran un arte y no solo Sun Tzu con su recomendadísima obra literaria. La estrategia de batalla requiere un gran talento, como bien explica en el libro el general y filósofo chino. A veces, el elemento determinante para la victoria es algún aspecto intimidatorio preparado para desmoralizar al enemigo. Toda una treta digna de estudio como la que llevó a cabo el rey de Prusia Federico I con su Ejército de Gigantes.
La formación militar más alta de todos los tiempos
En 1675, Prusia fundó el que llegaría a convertirse en el regimiento de soldados más altos de todos los tiempos, los llamados Gigantes de Potsdam. El rey reclutó a todo aquel cuya estatura superase los 1,85 metros, algo sumamente inusual para la época en pleno siglo XVII, en la que el promedio no superaba el metro sesenta.
Federico I llegó a obsesionarse por construir una milicia de proporciones imponentes, hasta el punto de alistar soldados de ejércitos extranjeros de Europa y Asia. Buscó y seleccionó a los hombres más fornidos y recios, desde campesinos hasta monjes, pasando por todos los estratos, y recurriendo a la violencia y al secuestro si las vías diplomáticas no eran suficientes para sus fines.
Incluso apostó por la genética, enlazando a mujeres prominentes con sus elegidos gallardos para engendrar nuevas generaciones destinadas a sus filas. Todo un proyecto ambicioso que duró 130 años y alcanzó un volumen de 3200 soldados altísimos preparados para cualquier batalla.
La estrategia detrás del ejército de gigantes
Algunos de los soldados del ejército medía más de 2 metros, una altura considerable a día de hoy y casi un problema para aquel entonces. La milicia que logró crear Federico I no tenía tanto un objetivo de combate como sí de intimidación y desafío al oponente. De hecho, muchos de los reclutas eran más bien torpes o incapaces de pelear, lo que en la práctica suponía más un obstáculo que una ventaja en el campo de combate.
Todo se trataba, pues, de una estrategia para amedrentar y atemorizar al resto de combatientes, ya que el mismo rey nunca los llevó a la guerra. Durante los años de existencia del ejército de gigantes, jamás participaron en batalla alguna. Tanto es así, que cuando el heredero del trono prusiano, Federico el Grande, asumió el poder, disolvió en 1806 la formación y redistribuyó a los soldados en otras unidades del ejército.
Otros medios de intimidación en la historia de la guerra
Es muy fácil identificar estrategias similares para amedrentar al enemigo e influir mentalmente en su capacidad de batalla a lo largo de la historia de la guerra.
Antiguamente la primera línea en los batallones de soldados rasos eran las bandas de músicos. Trataban de intimidar con sus cornetas y tambores al oponente, avisando de la bravura con la que atacarían en la contienda.
Otros rituales, como la haka neozelandesa, son danzas colectivas de origen maorí destinadas a mostrar la fuerza y destreza de los guerreros para apocopar a los contrarios. En este caso, las danzas todavía se hacen hoy en algunos deportes de la isla, infundiendo el mismo respeto antes de la prueba.
No cabe duda que el ingenio y la perspicacia jugaron un papel fundamental en las guerras de antaño para alcanzar la victoria en el enfrentamiento cuerpo a cuerpo. Y con el tiempo, la guerra evolucionó como cualquier otra cosa. Duran menos tiempo, crecieron las distancias en batalla y se enfrentan ejércitos más lejanos en todo el mundo.
No obstante, la estrategia sigue siendo la misma y la intimidación y la argucia siguen estando presentes, aunque de otra forma. A través de guerras frías, del espionaje, de la especulación y, por supuesto, con la ayuda de la tecnología.
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