Akenatón nació alrededor del año 1380 a. C. y fue un faraón que gobernó durante la Dinastía Dieciocho del Antiguo Egipto. Akenatón ó Amenhotep IV, fue el segundo hijo del faraón Amenhotep III, pero se convirtió en el primero en la línea de sucesión después de la misteriosa muerte de su hermano mayor.
Creció de manera hermética en el palacio real debido a los cuidados que tenían con su seguridad y aprendió minusiosamente el arte de gobernar directamente de su padre, hasta el momento en que éste falleció en el año 1353 a. C. Es considerado el faraón egipcio más extravagante que haya existido y las razones te las explico a continuación.
Durante el reinado de Akenatón, Egipto estaba en su apogeo: era rico, poderoso y respetado en todo el mundo por sus contribuciones a la ciencia y la arquitectura. Cuando Akenatón tomó el trono el país continuó experimentando una gran prosperidad, pero esto no es lo que hizo famoso al faraón. El reinado de Akenatón es más conocido por la cantidad y diversidad de cambios que llevó a cabo en el Antiguo Egipto. Entre ellos, su esfuerzo por cambiar del politeísmo, la adoración a varios dioses, al monoteísmo, a la adoración de uno solo, el dios Aten.
La transformación del Antiguo Egipto
La primera vez en que Akenatón mostró su nueva faceta fue cambiando su nombre. Cuando tomó el trono por primera vez, fue bajo el nombre Amenhotep, como su padre, pero lo cambió por Akenatón durante su quinto año de mandato. Esto representó su compromiso con la tendencia que Egipto empezaría a seguir y significa «espíritu viviente de Aten« por su traducción al español.
Durante miles de años, los egipcios adoraron a un respetado colectivo de dioses. Entre ellos, Bast, Isis, Osiris, Horus, Thoth y Anubis, por nombrar algunos. Con estas bases, había una gran resistencia al monoteísmo entre su pueblo, así que para debilitar la fe de los ciudadanos, Akenatón construyó una gran cantidad de templos en honor a Aten y cerró muchos de los antiguos. Aunque esto causo un gran disgusto para muchos de los habitantes, no desencadenó ninguna revuelta e incluso llegó a modificar la ubicación de la capital política del país.
Amarna, la nueva capital de Egipto
Alrededor de 1346 a. C., Akenatón ordenó que se construyera una nueva ciudad para honrar al dios Aten. En aquel momento fue fundada con su mismo nombre, pero actualmente los arqueólogos la identifican como Amarna.
Durante el reinado de Akenatón, Amarna figuró como la capital de Egipto, donde se construyó un nuevo palacio real y el Gran Templo de Aten. Después de su muerte, perdió gran parte de su significado y legado. La ciudad capital regresó a Tebas y las construcciones reales quedaron abandonadas por completo.
Cambios en el arte impuestos por Akenatón
Además de modificar drásticamente la religión egipcia, Akenatón ordenó una transformación en el arte, tanto en esculturas como en pinturas.
Antes de su reinado, el arte se caracterizaba por la falta de realismo. Las personas a menudo se plasmaban con la cabeza de lado, de perfíl, debido a la creencia popular de que las obras podrían cobrar vida y atacar a sus creadores. Estas representaciones eran imágenes idealizadas que buscaban glorificar a los personajes.
Durante el gobierno de Akenatón, los artistas egipcios comenzaron a pintar a las personas como realmente eran, un estilo que persistió después de su muerte, incluso cuando la política no lo hizo.
El gobierno junto a Nefertiti
La fama de Akenatón recibió el impulso de la de su esposa, la reina Nefertiti. Ella gobernó junto a Akenatón como la segunda al mando, cosa que no era habitual en Egipto. Esta civilización tenía una tradición política muy arraigada en la que no había dualidad de autoridad en ningún otro gobierno previo.
Sin embargo, Nefertiti fue reconocida por su amplia sabiduría, estrategia, carisma y buena apariencia. A menudo se le ubica en la historia como la mujer más bella del mundo. Una de las esculturas egipcias más antiguas que sobreviven a día de hoy es un busto de medio cuerpo bastante popular, que la muestra tal cual era.
Datos curiosos sobre Akenatón
La transformación ideológica, política y social que desarrolló Akenatón tras miles de años de tradición inmutable, lo convirtió en una de las figuras más extrañas de la civilización egipcia. Todavía hoy sigue siendo objeto de estudio debido a los misterios y curiosidades que rodean su historia y su mandato.
- El interés sobre el faraón Akenatón aumentó considerablemente con el descubrimiento en el Valle de los Reyes, en Luxor, de la tumba del Rey Tutankamón, quien ha resultado ser su hijo según una prueba de ADN de 2010.
- Los estudiosos sugieren que Nefertiti pudo haber tenido solo 12 años cuando se casó con Akenatón.
- Se cree que podría haber sido el primer monoteísta en toda la historia de la humanidad.
- Akenatón no fue designado originalmente como el sucesor del trono hasta la muerte prematura de su hermano mayor, Thutmosis, en extrañas circunstancias.
- La momia de Akhenaton nunca ha sido encontrada.
- Akhenaton murió en el año 17 de su reinado.
- Una inscripción de la época comparó al dios Aten con el Sol, y a los demás dioses anteriores como las estrellas, dando a entender que Aten era muy superior a sus predecesores. (En aquella época no se sabía que el Sol es una estrella).
- Existen algunas teorías sobre la supuesta procedencia real de Akenatón, llamándolo en multiples ocasiones el faraón alienígena por la extraña forma de su cabeza, su cara, el color de su piel y su cuerpo.
La caída del faraón
Después de su muerte, la reputación de Akenatón cayó drásticamente. Debido al desafío y la ruptura que supuso ante las creencias egipcias clásicas, se le conocía como «el enemigo» en los registros oficiales de los faraones que lo sucedieron. La enemistad sostenida hacia él podría ser la razón por la cual su cuerpo nunca fue descubierto. Algunos historiadores creen que se destruyó poco después de su entierro así como muchos escritos que hablaban de sus proezas y filosofía personal.
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