Esta es la verdadera historia en la que está inspirada la película El último samurái, protagonizada por Tom Cruise y dirigida por Edward Zwick. Cruise interpreta a Nathan Algren, un soldado del ejército de los EE.UU. que llega a Japón en un período de transición que puso fin al Shogunato Tokugawa. Los clanes, señores feudales, samuráis y shogunes gobernaron Japón durante años, pero fueron desplazados y relegados por la modernidad y la industria de Occidente. La figura del Emperador existía en dicha época, pero estaba relegada a un discreto segundo plano. Sería pues, desde la restauración del gobierno hasta el final de la II Guerra Mundial, cuando el Emperador cobraría protagonismo. El personaje que interpretó Cruise, en realidad está inspirado en un francés que vivió en dicha época y acometió distintas proezas, Jules Brunet.
Aunque aparentemente Japón había estado aislado del mundo durante un largo tiempo, nunca lo fue por completo. El contacto con europeos, como portugueses y españoles, ya se había producido años antes a través de misioneros y comerciantes. La apertura de Japón a Occidente inció con la firma del Tratado de Kanagawa en 1854.
Jules Brunet y su llegada a Japón
Brunet nació en Belfort, al Este de Francia, en 1838. En 1857 se graduó en la Escuela Politécnica de París en la especialidad de artillería. Entre 1862 y 1867 participó en la segunda intervención francesa en México bajo las órdenes de Napoleón III, donde destacó por su valentía recibiendo la Légion d’Honneur. En 1867 el soldado llegó a Yokohama como miembro de la primera misión militar francesa en Japón. Su tarea era formar e instruir a las fuerzas de élite del Shogún, los samuráis. Durante esta misión, el francés quedó fascinado por las tradiciones y por la cultura. Pero como también pasa en la película, era un periodo de inestabilidad política.
En 1868 el Emperador se hizo oficialmente con el poder, mismo que había cuidado el Shogún desde hacía 600 años. El gobernante fue respaldado y apoyado por multitud de clanes, pero el Shogún no lo reconoció y comenzó una guerra civil.
Después de meses de combate, los tradicionalistas decidieron hacerse a un lado y sus tropas fueron derrotadas el 29 de marzo de 1868 en la batalla de Koshu-Katsunama. Unos pocos hombres del Shogún, entre los que se encontraban Brunet y cuatro oficiales franceses, lograron escapar con la ayuda de un almirante leal al Shogunato a la isla Ezo al norte de Japón, actual Hokkaidō. El 3 de septiembre del mismo año, la capital del Shogún cambio de nombre a Tokyo y el Emperador se estableció en la que desde aquel momento, sería la capital de Japón. Napoleón III declaró la neutralidad de Francia.
Las convicciones y valores del oficial francés
Sin embargo, Brunet y los oficiales decidieron abandonar los objetivos franceses y unirse a los samurais con la esperanza de reagrupar las tropas y poder contraatacar. Con Jules Brunet al mando, los rebeldes sitiaron y capturaron el fuerte de Goryokaku, en manos de las tropas imperiales. Siguieron otras victorias hasta conquistar Hakodate, donde a finales del año, el 15 de diciembre, se proclamó a la par del Imperio la nueva República de Ezo. Nombrándose presidente a Enomoto Takeaki. Francia y otras naciones europeas reaccionaron reconociendo su gobierno.
En marzo de 1869, cerca de 10,000 hombres del ejército Imperial llegaron a Ezo, donde Brunet y unos 3,000 hombres de la República protagonizaron una épica resistencia. Finalmente, la superioridad numérica pudo con el entusiasmo de los partidarios del Shogunato y fueron derrotados en mayo de 1869. Brunet abandonó Japón rumbo a Francia, donde a pesar de ser recibido como un héroe fue juzgado por desobedecer las órdenes de permanecer al margen. Aún así, pudo continuar su carrera miliar alcanzando el rango de general. A pesar de lo hecho por el francés, la colaboración franco-japonesa continuó en la Restauración del Imperio. Otras dos misiones llegaron a Japón en 1872 y 1884 con el objetivo de modernizar el ejército japonés.
Hoy en día, el nombre de Jules Brunet ha caído casi en el olvido en Francia, pero los japoneses aún lo recuerdan por haber luchado hombro con hombro junto a los valientes guerreros. Es por eso que se le llama el último samurái.
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