La palabra analema proviene del término griego analambanein y significa «pedestal de un reloj de sol». Según la astronomía, el analema es el trazado o curva que registra la posición del Sol en el cielo si durante un año se le observa cada día a la misma hora y desde el mismo lugar.
En estas condiciones, la trayectoria del Sol describe finalmente una forma en 8. Y también es visible en otros planetas y cuerpos del Sistema Solar, aunque con diferente resultado.
Las características y la forma del fenómeno
La forma y el tamaño del analema dependen de tres variables relacionadas con la órbita de la Tierra con respecto al Sol.
El primero es la oblicuidad de la eclíptica (la línea curva por donde «se mueve» el Sol aparentemente observado desde La Tierra). Es decir, el ángulo de inclinación del Eje de rotación de la Tierra, que es de 23.45º. El segundo es la excentricidad. Un parámetro matemático que determina el grado de desviación de una sección cónica respecto a una circunferencia. Y el tercero es el ángulo del equinoccio con respecto al punto de menor distancia en la órbita elíptica.
![Analema lunar observado desde Toledo, España](https://tintaindomita.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Analema-lunar.jpg)
Fuente de la imagen: El Español
Cómo observar el analema
La forma más común de observar el analema es fijando una cámara fotográfica apuntando hacia el cielo (hacia un punto de la eclíptica). Tomar una captura en el momento el que el Sol se encuentre en el centro de este punto y repetir el proceso cada 24 horas, cada día del año.
Al sobreiprimir todas las capturas, se obtiene una imagen que describe la trayectoria del Sol observado desde la Tierra durante un año completo. Un analema en forma de 8.
Otro método de observar el fenómeno es mediante la proyección gnomónica. Consiste en colocar una vara en posición vertical sobre el suelo o una superficie, de manera que genere una sombra desde su base al recibir el impacto de la luz solar. Si se registra con una marca la posición de esta sombra, repitiendo el proceso cada 24 horas durante un año, se obtendrá una proyección gnomónica del analema.
Si esta misma representación sucede en un cristal perpendicular al suelo, como una ventana, la proyección del analema se generaría estereográficamente. Es decir, ilustrando la curva sobre un plano mediante un conjunto de rectas que pasan por un punto.
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