En el mes de febrero de 1861 se registró un terremoto en Sumatra, Indonesia, de magnitud 8.5. El evento fue catastrófico, mató a miles de personas y causó un tsunami que arrasó las costas de la isla. Pero este acontecimiento no fue un fenómeno aislado como muchos otros de intensidad similar alrededor del mundo. Sino que significó el final de un terremoto mucho más largo, el más largo registrado hasta la actualidad, que tuvo lugar durante nada menos que 32 años. Este insólito suceso, descrito y analizado recientemente, forma parte de los llamados seísmos lentos. Deslizamientos de las placas tectónicas que ocurren silenciosamente durante largos periodos, meses o años, y que pueden provocar incidentes mucho más graves e inesperados.
Qué es un terremoto lento
La imposibilidad de prever un terremoto hace muy complejo el estudio y la comprensión del movimiento tectónico del planeta. Todos los análisis que se llevan a cabo al respecto suceden a posteriori, por lo que la información recopilada es limitada. Sin embargo, se sabe que hay una gran variedad de formas en que las placas tectónicas de la corteza terrestre se mueven y desplazan entre sí. Y se conocen hasta cierto punto los alcances de los desplazamientos.
Los terremotos lentos liberan tensión y energía acumulada en estos movimientos, al igual que los sismos rápidos. Pero en vez de hacerlo en ráfagas notables, lo hacen poco a poco y de forma imperceptible, sin suponer un riesgo mayor. No obstante, pueden derivar en la acumulación de tensión en zonas contiguas a lo largo de una falla, por lo que podrían desencadenar temblores más fuertes en algún momento.
Eso fue lo que pasó en Indonesia después de un terremoto lento de 32 años. Y por lo que están estudiando en áreas circundantes a estas islas, el fenómeno sigue sucediendo actualmente.

Fuente de la imagen: Google Maps
Los primeros seísmos lentos registrados
La primera vez que se observaron los terremotos lentos fue en el Pacífico noroeste y en la costa de Japón, a finales de los años 90. La silenciosa liberación de energía no podía percibirse hasta entonces, cuando la tecnología GPS alcanzó un desarrollo suficiente para notar los pequeños cambios tectónicos que estos seísmos representan.
Una vez se identificaron y buscaron alrededor del mundo, se encontraron más fenómenos similares. Por ejemplo en Nueva Zelanda y Alaska. El hallazgo permitió encontrar ciertos patrones en el suceso, frecuencias determinadas, duración y comportamientos según el área.
La comprensión cada vez mayor de estos desplazamientos sirve para proyectar los riesgos posibles de cara a terremotos grandes. Muchos de los seísmos catastróficos de la historia fueron resultado de terremotos lentos. Además del de la isla de Sumatra en 1861, también otro en la misma zona en 2004 de 9.1 grados. El de Japón de 2011 y el de Chile de 8.2 de 2014.
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