Por los últimos acontecimientos y descubrimientos científicos en torno a la NASA y otras agencias espaciales, Marte está en boca de todos. Definitivamente es objeto de grandes investigaciones a todos los niveles y el principal interés actual de la exploración fuera de nuestro planeta. Una de las áreas que más llama la atención de la superficie marciana es un accidente geográfico de dimensiones estratosféricas, comparándolo con su mayor símil en la Tierra. Se trata de Melas Chasma, un sistema de cañones enorme que recorre la parte ecuatorial del planeta rojo, al este de la región conocida como Tharsis. Su tamaño, cotejado con el Gran Cañón del Colorado, el mayor del planeta en su tipo, es casi inimaginable. Supera casi los límites de altitud de la geografía terrestre, enmarcados por el monte Everest y los catorce ochomiles. Y comprende diez veces más la longitud de la garganta en Estados Unidos.
El tamaño de Melas Chasma
Para hacernos una idea, el cañón Melas Chasma abarca un área mayor a la ocupada por Estados Unidos de costa a costa. Mientras el Gran Cañón, considerado maravilla natural del mundo, cuenta con 446 km de longitud y una profundidad máxima de 1,500 metros, Melas Chasma alcanza 4,500 km de largo, 200 km de ancho y 11,000 metros de profundidad. Sus dimensiones cubren un cuarto de la circunferencia ecuatorial de Marte, lo que lo hace más o menos visible desde el espacio.
Con estas cifras, es la hendidura geográfica más grande conocida por el hombre en el Sistema Solar. A su alrededor es donde se ha encontrado la mayor evidencia de que en algún momento, algunas zonas de Marte estuvieron cubiertas de agua. Los materiales que conforman el suelo así lo demuestran, a partir de la formación de sedimentos y depósitos de varios elementos y otras pruebas de grandes deslizamientos de tierra.
Cómo se mide la altitud en Marte si no hay nivel del mar
Al igual que en la superficie terrestre, en Marte se identificaron valles, mesetas, elevaciones y cañones, propias de una orografía diversa consecuencia del paso del tiempo. Estos accidentes geográficos en la Tierra se miden comparándolos con el nivel del mar como constante. Pero en Marte esto no es posible, por lo que la ciencia se ha provisto de un tamaño promedio del planeta a partir de la observación desde el espacio. Este contorno de la superficie se estableció como constante equivalente al nivel del mar y se le llamó areoide. A partir de él, se establecen las diferencias de altitud alrededor del planeta rojo.
Teniendo en cuenta esta circunferencia, la meseta que rodea a Melas Chasma se eleva alrededor de 4 km por encima del areoide. Mientras que la parte más profundas del cañón se hunde 5 km por debajo.
Si tomamos conciencia de que Marte, como planeta, es más pequeño que La Tierra (su radio es casi la mitad al terrestre) resulta muy difícil imaginar las magnitudes de estos paisajes en su superficie. Aunque probablemente estemos más cerca que nunca de poder observarlos directamente en persona.
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