El origen de la vida en la Tierra es uno de esos fascinantes acertijos que quizás nunca lleguemos a resolver. Existe un cierto consenso, basado en evidencia científica, de que la vida en nuestro planeta comenzó hace al menos 3,800 millones de años. Una de las teorías más populares sobre el origen de la vida asume que la Tierra primitiva fue el lugar más adecuado para que se sintetizaran las primeras moléculas orgánicas. Cuyo nivel de complejidad habría aumentado progresivamente para formar otras más complejas. Sin embargo, existen otras hipótesis alternativas sobre el origen de la vida. Una de ellas es la panspermia, que afirma que la vida se habría desarrollado con o sin el planeta tal y como lo conocemos.
Aunque la idea pueda parecer descabellada, en los últimos años se ha ido acumulando evidencia de que no sería tan complicado. Sería factible si ciertas moléculas orgánicas fundamentales para la vida se hubieran formado más allá de nuestras fronteras. Y hubieran llegado a la Tierra a través de diversos cuerpos celestes. Aunque la teoría de la panspermia sigue siendo solo una teoría, se encuentra en el mismo nivel de posibilidad que todas las demás, como el Big Bang. Ya que por el momento ninguna se ha comprobado. Sin embargo, para muchos parece mucho más plausible que la vida se hubiera originado directamente en nuestro planeta.
El desarrollo de la teoría de la panspermia
Se dice que en el siglo V d.C., el científico griego Anaxágoras hablaba de que la vida se dispersaba por todo el universo en forma de semillas. A principios del siglo XX, el químico sueco y premio Nobel Svanté Arrhenius propuso que las esporas bacterianas resistentes eran impulsadas por el viento solar de una estrella a otra. Arrhenius calculó incluso el tiempo que tardaría una espora terrestre en llegar a Plutón: cuatro meses. Y a Alpha Centauri 7,000 años.
En cualquier caso, algunos avances científicos recientes apoyan no solo la teoría de la panspermia, sino también la posibilidad de que haya surgido vida más allá de la Tierra. A continuación desarrollamos algunas especulaciones y fundamentos que sustentan el principio de la panspermia.
El polvo interplanetario y los elementos esenciales
Un artículo publicado en PNAS en 2014 reveló que el polvo interplanetario de cometas y asteroides cae continuamente a la Tierra. Cuando es bombardeado por el viento solar, libera oxígeno disponible para reaccionar con hidrógeno y formar moléculas de agua. Entre otros compuestos orgánicos, en una especie de ‘semilla de estrella’.
Vida en los cometas que apoyaría la teoría de la panspermia
En una de sus variantes, la teoría de la panspermia afirma que las primeras moléculas vivas habrían llegado a la Tierra en un cometa.
Pues bien, en el año 2016 un artículo publicado en Science mostraba los resultados de un experimento de laboratorio en el que se habían recreado las condiciones en las que se acumula la materia debido a los efectos de la gravedad alrededor de una estrella joven, como nuestro Sol, en los inicios del Sistema Solar. Al examinar este pequeño «cometa de laboratorio», los expertos descubrieron rastros significativos de ribosa o pentosa, un tipo de azúcar simple esencial para formar el ARN y el ADN de los seres vivos.
Hemolitina, una proteína extraterrestre
En febrero de 2020, un equipo de investigadores anunció el descubrimiento de una proteína dentro de un meteorito. Esta proteína ha sido denominada Hemolitina y, de confirmarse la veracidad de este hallazgo, estaríamos hablando de la primera proteína extraterrestre conocida.
Los hallazgos aún no se han sometido al proceso de revisión, por lo que aún es pronto para saber a qué nos enfrentamos. Muchos científicos se muestran escépticos sobre este descubrimiento.
Aminoácidos en meteoritos
La existencia de las proteínas extraterrestres aún no se ha confirmado, pero lo que sí sabemos con certeza es que los aminoácidos pueden llegar a bordo de los meteoritos. Los primeros se encontraron en uno que cayó en la localidad australiana de Murchison en 1969.
Agua y materia orgánica
Agua y materia orgánica es lo que encontraron los científicos que analizaron la composición de dos meteoritos que cayeron en Texas en 1998. Un artículo publicado en la revista Science Advances en 2018, sugiere además que las «moléculas precursoras de la vida» pueden haber sido comunes en la estrella del Sistema Solar durante su formación
La vida en el espacio para apoyar la teoría de la panspermia
Otro punto clave para apoyar la teoría de la panspermia sería averiguar si la vida es capaz de soportar las condiciones extremas de los viajes espaciales. Algunos experimentos, originalmente destinados a otras aplicaciones como la preparación de futuras misiones tripuladas a Marte, han servido para comprobarlo.
Por ejemplo, en la misión Instalación de Exposición de Larga Duración de la NASA en la década de 1990, las esporas de Bacillus subtilis estuvieron expuestas al espacio durante seis años y más del 70% sobrevivieron. Lo que significa que están debidamente protegidas.
Aunque la ciencia siga evaluando la posibilidad de la panspermia, las fake news hacen su labor por restarle credibilidad. Hay mucha evidencia falsa circulando por Internet tratando de apoyar la teoría, que lo único que consigue es denostarla. Una de las noticias falsas más notorias que circularon ocurrió en 2012, cuando un científico anunció que había encontrado diatomeas en un presunto meteorito caído en Sri Lanka. El trabajo, de dudoso rigor, no fue publicado en ninguna revista especializada sino en la página web personal del autor, Journal of Cosmology.
Al margen de estas especulaciones exageradas inevitables, se siguen haciendo experimentos e investigaciones para poder corroborar esta y otras teorías del origen de la vida. En definitiva los nuevos aceramientos al planeta rojo han avivado las mentes de la comunidad y nos han acercado mucho más a la verdad detrás de tantas incógnitas.
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