Hace millones de años, el planeta Tierra era muy diferente a como lo vemos hoy en día. La fauna y flora de los distintos ecosistemas sufrió todo tipo de transformaciones y fases geológicas y climáticas. Desde glaciaciones, sequías, erupciones volcánicas, tormentas sempiternas e inundaciones masivas, hasta las primeras acciones del hombre hace 3 millones de años. La geofísica moderna considera que nuestro planeta tiene unos 4,500 millones de años de edad. En todo ese tiempo la corteza terrestre ha sido testigo del levantamiento de todo tipo de especies y animales prehistóricos. Algunos de ellos de tamaño colosal, que gobernaron las aguas, las tierras y el aire por millones de años, antes de llegar a su extinción. Con la separación de Pangea, el mundo se dividió para siempre, dando pie a la inmensa diversidad de paisajes continentales, familias evolutivas y otros fenómenos geológicos históricos.
En este artículo repasaremos cinco animales prehistóricos fascinantes, titánicos y hasta terroríficos. Criaturas que de existir hoy cambiarían drásticamente las leyes de la naturaleza salvaje.
La arthropleura, el ciempiés gigante
La arthropleura es una especie de la familia de los artropléuridos, animales de aspecto similar al ciempiés o milpiés, que vivió durante el periodo Carbonífero, una división de la Era Paleozoica, hace 340 – 280 millones de años. Su hábitat dominaba las regiones que hoy conocemos como Norteamérica y Escocia, predominando en bosques húmedos con abundante vegetación.
Su apariencia nos parecería abrumadora a día de hoy, alcanzando los 2.3 metros de longitud y ganándose el título del invertebrado terrestre más grande conocido de todos los tiempos. Pese a estas dimensiones, era un animal herbívoro que se alimentaba de musgo y plantas en estado de descomposición. Compartía espacio con otros reptiles, insectos y anfibios y podía evadir a los depredadores, según se cree a partir de los restos fósiles, gracias a una fuerte coraza con púas que cubría toda su estructura.
Esta especie evolucionó a partir de crustáceos marinos y alcanzó su tamaño debido al alto porcentaje de oxígeno de la atmósfera. La falta de depredadores vertebrados terrestres permitió su supervivencia durante millones de años hasta su extinción a principios del periodo Pérmico, la siguiente fase de la era Paleozoica. En esta etapa, el clima húmedo comenzó a secarse, dando pie a la desertificación que destruyó bosques y selvas, terminando con las especies que dependían de la vegetación.
La titanoboa, la serpiente más grande de la historia
La titanoboa es una serpiente de la familia de los boidos, cuya distinción es que son constrictoras, matando a sus presas por ahogamiento y constricción. Vivió durante el Paleoceno, hace 60 – 58 millones de años, en diversas áreas de Sudamérica, especialmente la que hoy ocupa Colombia.
Dentro de su especie, es la serpiente más grande encontrada hasta la actualidad. A partir del análisis de sus vértebras, se calcula que llegaba a medir hasta 13 o 14 metros de longitud. Con un peso de 1,135 kg.
Algunas investigaciones en el lugar en que se encontraron los restos fósiles de la titanoboa ayudaron a describir las características de su ecosistema. Se cree que la zona era una densa selva tropical, más cálida y húmeda que ahora, rica en dióxido de carbono y en variedad de especies. Ese mismo ambiente pudo haber albergado otras especies extintas de cocodrilos y tortugas gigantes, o incluso peces pulmonados.
Los cambios drásticos en el clima precipitaron la desaparición de estos animales, que no pudieron sobrevivir a otras condiciones más hostiles.
El smilodon o dientes de sable
Por sus características estéticas y las referencias del cine, el smilodon o dientes de sable es uno de los animales prehistóricos más reconocidos en la cultura popular.
Se trata de un mamífero felino perteneciente a la subfamilia de los macairodontinos, que desarrollaban sus colmillos de manera excepcional. Vivió durante la transición entre el Plioceno y el Pleistoceno, épocas de la era Cenozoica, hace 5 – 2 millones de años. En esta etapa los continentes se encontraban casi en la misma posición que ahora. El clima se caracterizaba por ciclos glaciales repetidos que llegaron a cubrir de hielo el 30% de la superficie terrestre.
El dientes de sable residía específicamente en áreas grandes y planas del continente americano. Como gran cazador, se alimentaba de mamíferos herbívoros grandes que abundaban gracias a la riqueza y diversidad de vegetación.
Su tamaño era comparable al del tigre moderno, llegando a pesar alrededor de 300 kg. Sus enormes colmillos le daban una mordida muy poderosa que contrarrestaba inversamente proporcional con la fuerza de sus mandíbulas.
El smilodon se extinguió muy recientemente en comparación con otros animales prehistóricos. Los últimos ejemplares vivieron hasta hace doce mil años junto con otras especies desaparecidas a finales del Pleistoceno. En este caso, la acción del hombre sí tuvo un papel importante en el fin del dientes de sable. Las razones de su acabamiento fueron la caza de los humanos, el aumento de las temperaturas y se especula con algunos agentes infecciosos.
El liopleurodon, el titán marino
El liopleurodon fue uno de los súper depredadores marinos de las épocas Jurásico Medio y Superior. Vivió en las áreas oceanográficas de Europa hace 160 – 155 millones de años.
Es una especie gigante de reptil marino carnívoro perteneciente a los plesiosaurios. Se calcula que podía superar los diez metros de largo, llegando incluso hasta 20. Las hipótesis sobre su tamaño se basan en las dimensiones de varios cráneos fósiles encontrados en Inglaterra, Francia y Alemania, que representan nada menos que un cuarto de su longitud total. Se cree que su peso podía ser mayor al de los dinosaurios más colosales, incluso mayor que el animal más grande de la Tierra hoy en día, la ballena azul.
Su capacidad de crecimiento se lo daba la vida en el agua, ya que podían alimentarse tanto como necesitasen gracias a sus dientes poderosos a lo largo de tres metros de mandíbula. Eran depredadores de otros animales marinos y reptiles de vastas dimensiones.
En el periodo anterior al Jurásico, el Triásico, hubo una extinción masiva que dio pie al desarrollo de los dinosaurios que gobernaron durante millones de años. Se estima que en la época del Jurásico Superior un meteorito impactó en la Tierra, terminando con la existencia de varias especies, incluyendo el liopleurodon.
El temible megalodón, el tiburón prehistórico
El último de los animales prehistóricos de esta lista es el megalodón o megalodonte, nombre que deriva de términos griegos que se traducen por «diente grande». Vivió hace 10 – 2 millones de años durante el periodo Neógeno del Cenozoico, entre las épocas Mioceno y Plioceno.
Se le considera uno de los mayores y más poderosos depredadores de la historia y a menudo se le imagina como una versión masiva del gran tiburón blanco, aunque algunos científicos difieren.
Las estimaciones de su tamaño parten de las dimensiones de su mandíbula, que podían ejercer una fuerza de hasta 180,000 newtons. Así, se calcula que podían alcanzar una longitud de hasta 18 metros, con un promedio de 10.5.
El megalodón habitaba áreas de aguas cálidas, llegando a aproximarse a zonas costeras para la cría. Probablemente el enfriamiento oceánico contribuyese a su extinción, además del descenso del nivel del mar y la pérdida de diversidad de especies de las que se alimentaba.
A diferencia de otros especímenes, este tiburón prehistórico recorrió varias zonas del mundo. Se encontraron restos fósiles en Europa América, el Caribe, Nueva Zelanda, Japón, África, India y hasta zonas del Mediterráneo.
De todos los animales mencionados, el megalodón es probablemente el más popular actualmente. Algunas producciones cinematográficas han revivido el interés en este tipo de criaturas colosales y magníficas que un día gobernaron el mundo. Alimentando la teoría de que, en algún recóndito punto del planeta o del océano todavía sin explorar, sigan existiendo ejemplares tan extraordinarios.
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