Desde las civilizaciones más antiguas, el hombre ha buscado el modo de expresar sus creencias, su conocimiento o sus pensamientos a través de los tatuajes. Una de las evidencias más antiguas de esta tendencia estética, que muchas veces traspasaba los lindes del misticismo y la espiritualidad, se encontró en la costa de Chile. En momias de la cultura Chinchorro, conservadas desde el año 2000 a.C. En los años 90 se encontró en los Alpes austríacos otra momia neolítica que parecía mostrar 77 tatuajes en el cuerpo, a la que se le calcularon 5,200 años de antigüedad. Por ejemplo, en Egipto o en la Polinesia, los tatuajes respondían a valores y supersticiones fuertemente arraigados. Mientras que en otras culturas ancestrales como la japonesa o la misma Grecia y Roma antiguas, la pintura servía para marcar y señalar a los criminales y deshonrosos. A lo largo de la historia, el arte corporal fue formando parte del desarrollo y la evolución de cada comunidad, llegando a trascender hasta las creencias más sagradas, como es el caso de los tatuajes marineros.
Los largos periodos que los marineros pasaban en alta mar requerían un esfuerzo invaluable tanto físico como psicológico. Ya fueran pescadores, navegantes colonizadores o soldados, siempre desarrollaron un fuerte vínculo entre sus quehaceres y el misticismo marino o la recompensa por sus hazañas. En muchos casos, los tatuajes marineros marcaban la consecución de varios objetivos de mayor o menor importancia. Grandes proezas y hasta logros ampliamente conocidos y respetados por todo el gremio.
Recientemente se hizo popular en Internet una ilustración de la artista Lucy Bellwood, The Art of the Sailor, que recopila y describe los tatuajes marineros más habituales. Una relación singular y apasionante entre la experiencia de vida de un marinero y su trascendental representación en la piel.
El significado de los tatuajes marineros
Algunos de los tatuajes marineros se han hecho tan populares que su mismo concepto dejó de relacionarse con la vida en el mar. Otros, en cambio, mantienen todo el carácter y el significado, incluso despertando el respeto de quien los ve.
Pudieran ser agrupados por simbolizar distancias recorridas, ubicaciones del mapa conquistadas, pertenencia a alguna hermandad o comunidad y otras supersticiones.
Los tatuajes que representan distancias recorridas y mares conquistados
Del primer primer tipo, encabeza la lista el tatuaje de la golondrina. Un símbolo de migración y viajes largos, que en términos marinos se usa para representar las 5,000 millas náuticas recorridas. Una mujer hula indica que el tatuado ha estado en las islas del Pacífico de Hawaii, también representada por una palmera, que a su vez distingue a los marineros ingleses que navegaron el Mediterráneo durante la II Guerra Mundial. Un caparazón de tortuga o una imagen de Neptuno representan la ceremonia de cruce de línea, un rito de iniciación para los marineros que cruzan por primera vez el paralelo del Ecuador. Este tatuaje simboliza la entrada a lo que los navegantes llaman la Corte del Rey Neptuno, conmemorando dicha proeza.
Un ancla significa que el tatuado ha recorrido el Océano Atlántico o es un marinero mercante. Un dragón distingue a los que han estado en China. Si el dragón es dorado, el marinero ha atravesado el meridiano de cambio de fecha en el Pacífico. Un barco aparejado representa que el tatuado ha cruzado el Cabo de Hornos, la zona más austral del mundo en la que se encuentran los océanos Atlántico y Pacífico.
Símbolos de pertenencia, rango o jerarquía
Dos anclas cruzadas entre el dedo índice y el pulgar indican que el marinero es contramaestre, suboficial de la Armada que dirige a los marineros bajo las órdenes del oficial. Una cuerda en la muñeca significa que es marinero de cubierta. Dos cañones cruzados, que el marinero sirvió en la Marina. Y un arpón es la marca de un ballenero o un miembro de la flota pesquera.
Tatuajes marineros de supersticiones o aspectos personales
Los tatuajes marineros más íntimos representan aquellas creencias arraigadas, supersticiones o incluso características personales del navegante.
El tatuaje de un cerdo o un gallo en el empeine de los pies es un símbolo para evitar el ahogamiento. Al parecer, durante la II Guerra Mundial estos animales se transportaban en cajas flotantes, por lo que sobrevivían a cualquier naufragio. Las consignas «hold» y «fast», traducidas como «agarrar» y «rápido», se tatuaban entre los nudillos de las manos para tener un fuerte y poderoso agarre de las cuerdas y las herramientas a bordo.
Unas cruces en la planta de los pies ayudaban a espantar a los tiburones. Una daga atravesando una rosa simboliza la lealtad incondicional del marinero, dispuesto incluso a perforar algo delicado como una flor por aquellos a los que debe tal devoción. Y por último, uno de los símbolos más importantes de la vida en el mar, la rosa de los vientos o la estrella náutica. Esta imagen representa las cartas de navegación, los puntos cardinales y el rumbo del marinero. Si se muestra en un tatuaje, es un signo de ayuda para encontrar el camino de regreso a casa.
Este cúmulo de significados y conceptos dicen mucho de la importancia de los valores y los méritos en la vida del marinero. Siendo una de las más complicadas y hasta cierto punto más solitarias, siempre se ha relacionado con el tiempo, la eternidad y el ascetismo. Un conjunto de símbolos e imágenes que se graban en la piel, tanto a fuego como en tinta.
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