El distintivo maquillaje blanco, los kimonos elegantes y los peinados elaborados de las geishas son una imagen icónica de la cultura tradicional japonesa. Sin embargo, hay mucho más detrás de esta estética. La palabra geisha proviene del vocablo japonés gei, que significa «arte», y sha, que significa «persona». Las geishas son, por tanto, artistas y maestras que actualmente dedican su vida a las prácticas tradicionales y utilizan su talento para entretener a sus clientes, en su mayoría extranjeros, con el fin de educarlos e integrarlos de manera orgánica al mundo nipón.
La práctica antigua
Las geishas del pasado apenas se parecen a las que se conocen hoy en día. De hecho, las primeras geishas aparecieron en el siglo XIII y originalmente eran hombres, conocidos como taikomochi. Estos hombres aconsejaban y servían como entretenimiento al señor feudal de la localidad que les correspondía, algo así como un bufón de la corte pero en una versión más sabia. En el siglo XVI, su perfil comenzó a evolucionar hacia el de los juglares de la Edad Media, abocado en contar historias e incitar conversaciones interesantes. Alrededor del siglo XVII, las mujeres se incorporaron a la práctica y, para la década de 1750, superaron en número a los hombres.
![Ilustración de tres taikomochis](https://tintaindomita.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Taikomochi.jpg)
Fuente de la imagen: Pixabay
En aquel entonces, las geishas eran también asistentes de oirans, que eran cortesanas de clase alta que residían en los barrios de placer de las ciudades durante el período Edo (1603-1886). Ciertas regulaciones evitaban que las geishas formasen relaciones personales con los clientes. Sin embargo, a principios del siglo XIX comenzaron a reemplazar a las oirans, ya que eran de costos más accesibles y estaban mucho mejor educadas en diversas áreas sociales.
La popularidad de las geishas creció rápidamente y en la década de 1920 había hasta 80,000 practicantes en todo Japón. Hoy en día siguen tan vigentes como hace 100 años y son igual de importantes en la cultura tradicional japonesa. Aunque actualizaron notablemente sus actividades enfocándolas íntegramente al entretenimiento. El entrenamiento comienza alrededor de los 14 años y se necesitan al menos cinco para alcanzar el rango pleno.
El entrenamiento y legado de las geishas
La formación para convertirse en geisha comienza alrededor de los 14 o 15 años. Las jóvenes aprendices se conocen como shikomisan y deben permanecer juntas en un albergue conocido como okiya con sus mayores o maestras. En él aprenden a comportarse en público, a bailar las antiguas danzas ancestrales y a actuar. Posteriormente, si aprueban el examen de shikomi al fin del año, se convierten en maiko.
![Geishas](https://tintaindomita.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Geishas.jpg)
Fuente de la imagen: Pixabay
Las maiko estudian durante cinco años la cultura tradicional japonesa, las costumbres esenciales, la política y el arte de la comunicación. Tras este periodo pasan a ser oficialmente geishas a través de un ritual llamado erikae, que significa «cambiar un collar rojo por uno blanco».
Actualmente solo hay unas 1,000 geishas en Japón, en ciudades como Tokio, Kanazawa o Kioto. Suelen asistir a reuniones en casas de té y ryoutei, una especie de restaurante japonés de lujo. Las casas de té son lugares muy exclusivos debido a la costumbre de emplearlas como entorno para hacer negocios y solo permiten la entrada a clientes de confianza. Las cenas de geishas son igual de únicas, costosas y destinadas a la clase alta. Si bien es cierto que ya no son el centro de la hospitalidad japonesa, interactuar con una geisha aún puede ser una excelente oportunidad para conocer la esencia de omotenashi, el concepto abstracto de la hospitalidad japonesa visible e invisible.
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