Las doce uvas de Nochevieja es una de las costumbres más extendidas en el mundo para celebrar el cambio de año y atraer la buena suerte en el nuevo ciclo. Con pequeñas variaciones según la zona, las uvas representan los doce meses del año y se toman los últimos segundos del día 31 para empezar brindando el 1 de enero. Pero, ¿cuál es el origen de esta tradición tan curiosa? ¿Por qué uvas y no otra fruta? ¿Quiénes fueron los primeros en hacerlo y por qué se hace hoy en casi todo el mundo?
La sátira contra la burguesía en el siglo XIX
Como suele suceder en muchas tradiciones de antaño, las doce uvas de Nochevieja tienen su origen en la política y la revuelta social.
Todo comenzó en Madrid a finales de los 1800. En aquel entonces, la alta burguesía española había empezado a celebrar fiestas privadas durante la Navidad. Una costumbre importada desde Francia, en la que se acostumbraba a tomar champán y se comían uvas como acompañamiento, un excelente maridaje por supuesto. Mientras tanto, el ayuntamiento había prohibido las reuniones y festejos callejeros, que solían darse alrededor de la Noche de Reyes.
La clase trabajadora, en respuesta a estas restricciones y tratando de exigir su mismo derecho a celebrar, se juntaba en la Puerta del Sol de la ciudad aprovechando que este lugar no estaba limitado. Allí podían concentrarse y escuchar las últimas campanadas del reloj del año y festejar a modo de burla contra la aristocracia.
Las uvas eran un producto muy barato en aquellos tiempos y, dada su posición de disconformidad y protesta, comenzaron a comerlas, «apropiándose» de la costumbre hasta el momento burguesa para burlarse de la clase alta y lanzar un mensaje de sátira contra ella y contra el ayuntamiento.
Estos sucesos comenzaron a llenar portadas de los periódicos de la época, quedando registrada entonces esta práctica a finales del siglo XIX.
El excedente de uvas de 1909
En 1909, según los documentos históricos, hubo un excedente de uvas en Alicante, Comunidad Valenciana. La creencia popular es que este acontecimiento agrario es la principal causa de la tradición navideña. Y no es que sea exactamente el origen de la práctica, como ya hemos visto, sino la razón de su popularidad, su normalización y extensión alrededor del mundo.
Dado el incremento de producción de la uva de aquel año, las compañías responsables tuvieron que reforzar sus estrategias de venta que compensasen el excedente. Idearon así una ingeniosa campaña navideña que relacionaba esta fruta con las fiestas y la buena suerte. Comenzaron a venderlas en paquetes de doce, haciendo referencia a los doce meses, y ya preparadas para su consumo el último día del año.
La uva se convirtió rápidamente en un símbolo de Nochevieja que, dada su representación positiva en culturas y mitologías antiguas, adquirió su nuevo estatus sin ningún problema.
La tradición de las doce uvas se extendió desde España a Latinoamérica y a otros países, aunque esta costumbre converge con muchas otras. Todas ellas con el objetivo claro de atraer la buena suerte y la dicha en un año nuevo lleno de posibilidades.
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