El Tarot es probablemente una de las herramientas de adivinación más utilizadas en el mundo actual. Cuenta con sus defensores y detractores, al igual que otros métodos empleados en estos menesteres. Pero sin duda, es la práctica que más gente ha atraído durante siglos. Al margen de si funciona o no y de su credibilidad, la historia de su origen es muy interesante. Así como la transformación que ha sufrido a lo largo del tiempo hasta el día de hoy.
Actualmente, las tarjetas están disponibles para comprar en cientos de diseños diferentes. Hay una baraja de Tarot para casi cualquier practicante, sin importar dónde se encuentren sus intereses.
Aunque los métodos de lectura del Tarot han cambiado a lo largo de los años y muchos lectores adoptan su propio estilo a los significados tradicionales, las cartas en sí no han cambiado mucho.
Las primeras barajas de naipes
Los antepasados de lo que hoy conocemos como cartas del Tarot se remontan a finales del siglo XIV. Los artistas europeos crearon los primeros naipes, que se utilizaban para diversos juegos y contaban con cuatro palos diferentes. Los diseños eran similares a los que se usan hoy en día: bastones o varitas, discos o monedas, copas y espadas.
Después de una o dos décadas de su invención, a principios de 1400, los artífices italianos comenzaron a pintar tarjetas adicionales muy ilustradas. Estas cartas, conocidas como naipes de triunfo, a menudo se creaban para familias ricas. Los miembros de la nobleza encargaban a los artistas su propio juego de cartas, incluyendo a familiares y amigos. Algunos ejemplares que todavía existen fueron diseñados para la familia Visconti de Milán, que contaba con varios duques y barones entre sus conocidos.
Durante algunos siglos, las tarjetas personalizadas eran muy poco accesibles. No fue hasta que apareció la imprenta que los mazos se empezaron a producir en masa para el jugador promedio.
El Tarot como método de adivinación
Tanto en Francia como en Italia, el propósito original del Tarot era el juego de salón. El uso como herramienta adivinatoria empezó a popularizarse en los siglos XVI y XVII, consolidándose en el XVIII. En este punto, la gente comenzó a obsesionarse con el esoterismo y a asignar significados específicos a cada carta.
En 1781, un masón francés y ex ministro protestante llamado Antoine Court De Gebelin publicó un análisis complejo en el que reveló que el simbolismo en el Tarot se derivaba de los secretos de los sacerdotes egipcios. De Gebelin continuó explicando que este antiguo conocimiento oculto había sido llevado a Roma y revelado a la Iglesia Católica y a los papas, quienes desesperadamente querían mantener en secreto esta sabiduría arcana. En su ensayo, el capítulo sobre los manifiestos del Tarot explica su significado y lo conecta con las leyendas de Isis, Osiris y otros dioses egipcios.
El mayor problema con el trabajo de De Gebelin es que realmente no había evidencia histórica que lo respaldara. Sin embargo, eso no impidió que la élite europea se subiera al tren del conocimiento esotérico. A principios del siglo XIX, se produjeron barajas de cartas como el Tarot de Marsella con obras de arte basadas, específicamente. en el análisis de De Gebelin.
En 1791, Jean-Baptiste Alliette, un ocultista francés, lanzó la primera baraja de Tarot diseñada específicamente con fines adivinatorios. Unos años antes había respondido al trabajo de De Gebelin con un tratado propio, un libro en forma de instrucciones que explicaba cómo usarlo para estas funciones.
A medida que el interés en el Tarot se expandió, se asoció más con la cábala y los secretos del misticismo hermético. Al final de la era victoriana, el ocultismo y el espiritismo se habían convertido en pasatiempos populares para las familias aburridas de clase alta. No era raro asistir a una fiesta en una casa y encontrar una sesión espiritista, o alguien leyendo palmas y hojas de té en algún rincón.
La baraja del Tarot que se usa hoy en día
El ocultista británico Arthur Waite era miembro de la Orden Hermética de la Aurora Dorada, organización secreta y esotérica fundada en 1888, y siempre estuvo interesado en el espiritismo. Se obsesionó con leer textos y simbolismos antiguos de diversas culturas y mezcló todo lo aprendido en una idea, la baraja de Tarot de Rider-Waite, que se presentó por primera vez en 1909.
La artista contratada por Arthur, Pamela Smith, fue la primera en utilizar personajes como imágenes representativas en las llamadas cartas inferiores. En lugar de mostrar simplemente un grupo de tazas, monedas, varitas o espadas, se incorporaron figuras humanas. El resultado es la icónica baraja que todo lector conoce hoy.
Las imágenes están cargadas de simbolismo egipcio y cabalístico en esencia. Sus ilustraciones se siguen utilizando actualmente como el mazo predeterminado en casi todos los libros instructivos sobre Tarot. Por ello, mucha gente se refiere a esta baraja como la baraja Waite-Smith, en reconocimiento a la artista.
Ahora, más de cien años después, las cartas del Tarot están disponibles en una selección de diseños prácticamente infinita. En general, muchos de estos siguen el formato y estilo original, aunque cada una adapta las cartas a su propio concepto. Ya no es solo para dominio y entretinimento de la clase alta, sino que está disponible para cualquiera que desee aprenderlo y, por supuesto, creerlo.
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