El término esperpento aparece por primera vez en la edición número 14 del Diccionario de la Real Academia Española de 1914. Bajo las acepciones «hecho grotesco o desatinado», o «persona notable por su fealdad, desaliño o mala traza», en un sentido más coloquial.
Su etimología es de origen incierto y no pasaría a ser un concepto popular hasta que el autor Ramón María del Valle Inclán lo tomó prestado para nombrar a un nuevo género literario.
La obra que inauguró este estilo es Luces de bohemia, considerada por el propio Valle Inclán como una manera de observar el mundo. Una visión crítica y grotesca de la España de principios del siglo XX.
Valle Inclán en la literatura
Nacido en la localidad gallega de Vilanova de Arousa, en España, Valle Inclán fue uno de los autores más importantes e influyentes de la literatura española del siglo XX.
Su carrera pasó por el teatro, la poesía y la novela, además del periodismo, en el marco de la corriente modernista desarrollada entre 1880 y 1917. Este movimiento literario destacó por la rebeldía creativa, la ruptura con la estética del lenguaje y la inclusión de una perspectiva narcisista.
Sus últimas obras lo hicieron formar parte de la conocida Generación del 98. Un grupo de autores fuertemente influenciados por la crisis política y social desarrollada tras las pérdidas territoriales españolas en las guerras hispano-estadounidenses del mismo año, 1898.
Características del esperpento como género literario
Decía Valle Inclán que hay tres maneras de ver el mundo, artísticamente hablando: de rodillas, en pie y levantando el aire.
El primer modo alaba a los personajes como si fueran héroes o dioses, mirándolos hacia arriba desde el suelo y haciéndolos superiores al autor o al narrador de la historia.
El segundo, los enfrente de tú a tú, como si fueran un reflejo de nosotros mismos en igualdad de condiciones.
El tercer modo, en cambio, es observarlos desde un plano superior. Considerarlos más bajos e imperfectos, casi subordinados, seres inferiores sujetos a la crítica, a la sátira y la ironía. Para Valle Inclán, este era un estilo muy español, muy propio, que terminó por convertirlo en el esperpento que encarnó parte de su obra.
Partiendo de este principio, que podríamos considerar teoría de la literatura o incluso filosofía y pensamiento del autor, se desarrollan las características principales del género. De alguna forma, lo que Valle Inclán hace en su ópera prima (en el género), Luces de bohemia, es una metáfora.
La obra teatral presenta, a través de unos espejos cóncavos, la deformación de la realidad y de los personajes. Un reflejo grotesco y extravagante, ridículo y desfigurado, que no hacen más que representar la naturaleza misma que esconde cada individuo.
Para Valle Inclán, esa era la verdadera imagen de la sociedad y la política española en la época, una versión absurda y dantesca de lo que a su juicio debería ser.
El esperpento es una crítica, trata de degradar las cosas, desnaturalizarlas y hacerlas insignificantes. Es, literalmente, un espejo cóncavo que deforma la realidad, relegándola a su traducción más inverosímil y caricaturesca.
Luces de bohemia, como tal, es una alegoría misma del género. Valle Inclán nos lo presenta directamente introduciendo el concepto y envolviéndolo en sí mismo. Una especie de ruptura de la cuarta y quinta pared de manera absolutamente formidable.
El esperpento en el teatro
La transición del libreto a los escenarios del género del esperpento incluye muchos elementos que pasarían a formar, en parte, un antecedente cinematográfico.
Lo grotesco y desagradable se tomaría como forma de expresión de los personajes. Éstos se verían degradados y reducidos a lo mínimo, entre un diálogo coloquial e informal que fusionaría el mundo real con las pesadillas.
La escena resumiría un contexto de burla y caricatura, con un significado profundo basado en la sátira incisiva, cuya última finalidad es la lección moral.
De nuevo, el autor observa el mundo desde una posición superior, decepcionado y desencantado de los aspectos de la vida.
Si observamos el esperpento con el suficiente detalle, llegamos a comprender el mensaje que Valle Inclán trataba de transmitir con su obra. La reflexión de que su creación no es tanto una imagen deformada de la realidad, sino la imagen fiel de una realidad deforme.
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