El poker es uno de los juegos de azar más populares en todo el mundo, especialmente en los casinos y cada vez más en el ámbito online. Entre otros estilos de cartas y apuestas, está considerado deporte mental desde el año 2010 por la Asociación Internacional de Deportes Mentales.
El amplio número de variantes, basadas todas en la misma clasificación de manos, ha ido creciendo con el paso del tiempo, a medida que se extendió internacionalmente. Aunque su origen está muy debatido, se cree que recibió la influencia de otros términos y juegos asiáticos y europeos.
La rápida aceptación del poker entre la sociedad como distracción y pasatiempo facilitó su influjo en términos culturales y lingüísticos. Sobre todo en países de habla inglesa.
El origen del poker y su evolución hasta el día de hoy
Como suele pasar en los juegos de mesa, el poker es el posible resultado de la transformación de otras disciplinas de azar anteriores. Etimológicamente hablando, se cree que el término poker proviene del francés poque y, a su vez, del alemán pochen, que significa «golpear».
En cuanto al estilo, algunos encuentran varias semejanzas con el as nas, un juego de naipes cuyas primeras referencias se remontan al siglo XVII en Persia. Según esta teoría, se sitúa al poker por primera vez en Nueva Orleans a principios de los 1800. A raíz de la llegada de los colonos franceses, después de haberlo aprendido de los persas.
Algunos de los elementos más característicos del poker, como el farol o bluff, pueden ser incorporaciones posteriores derivadas de otros juegos ingleses como el brag. El poker que conocemos hoy en día es, al fin y al cabo, una evolución de la mezcla de varias influencias que fue perfilándose con el tiempo hasta definirse en lo que todos conocemos.
Inicialmente se jugaba en Nueva Orleans con una baraja de 20 cartas. Fue después de su rápida expansión a través del río Mississippi, que se integró la baraja inglesa actual de 52 naipes. Junto con este cambio, se agregaron nuevas manos a la clasificación, como el «color». Durante los años posteriores, marcados por la Guerra Civil estadounidense, se desarrollaron muchas de las variantes más conocidas, se añadieron las cartas comodín o joker y otros elementos.
Una vez asentado en el territorio norteamericano, el poker se expandió a todo el mundo gracias al ejército de Estados Unidos, según la creencia popular.
Expresiones habituales del inglés que provienen de la jerga del poker
A lo largo de toda esta historia, el poker fue adquiriendo más relevancia entre la cultura y la sociedad, especialmente en países de habla inglesa.
Una de las influencias más interesantes del juego de naipes es la cantidad de jerga relacionada que el propio idioma fue absorbiendo en la conversación informal. Por ejemplo, la expresión wild card hace referencia al comodín o joker, y se utiliza para describir a una persona impredecible o difícil de leer. El término bluff, «farol» en español, está ampliamente extendido para aludir a quien planea un engaño o argucia con algún fin oculto. El concepto de poker face, «cara de poker», se refiere a la falta de expresividad en el rostro ante cualquier estímulo, para ocultar información y emociones. La expresión «un as en la manga», ace in the hole, también proviene del poker, y hace alusión a una alternativa o un plan B maestro con el que alguien cuenta inadvertidamente. Entre muchas otras.
La transición del casino a las casas de apuestas online
A partir de los años 70 el poker comenzó a profesionalizarse en el ámbito de las apuestas y del entretenimiento. Durante la década se organizaron por primera vez las Series Mundiales de Poker, el conjunto de torneos del juego de cartas más importante y prestigioso del mundo, que pronto fueron televisados. De forma coetánea se publicaron los primeros libros y guías de estrategia, y los mejores jugadores internacionales empezaron a ganar relevancia.
Actualmente, cada vez es más habitual acceder a salas de poker online, hecho que evidentemente facilita la participación de más personas alrededor del mundo. Algunas casas de apuestas digitales batieron récords de aforo simultáneo, superando los 2 millones de jugadores. Sin embargo, las apuestas en línea cambiaron de forma drástica el estilo de juego, ya que la falta de presencia física requiere el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias matemáticas, en vez de las tácticas mentales y sociales que implica el juego en las mesas de casino.
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