El 11 de junio de 1963, un monje budista vietnamita llamado Thich Quang Duc se inmoló hasta perder la vida en una transitada calle de Saigón, Vietnam. El acto formó parte de una protesta contra las persecuciones que sufrían los budistas amparadas por el gobierno del presidente del país Ngo Dihn Diem. El suicidio, dado su contexto y especialmente su realización, dio la vuelta al mundo gracias a una fotografía de Malcolm Browne que le valió el premio Pulitzer. El impactante suceso sentó las bases del cuestionamiento y la oposición hacia las políticas del régimen de Diem, que finalmente fue derrocado. Además de dar origen a la expresión «quemarse a lo bonzo», que lo representa.
La protesta de Thich Quang Duc en defensa del budismo
Thich Quang Duc formaba parte aquel 11 de junio de un grupo de trescientos monjes budistas que desfilaron en manifestación desde un templo cercano hasta una de las calles más transitadas de Saigón. En esta marcha, portaban pancartas en inglés y vietnamita en contra del presidente. Hasta que el monje decidió ofrecerse en sacrificio reivindicativo, como símbolo contundente de su causa.
Disuadiendo a otro compañero también voluntario, Quang Duc se sentó en el suelo en posición de loto sobre un cojín. Algunos de sus compañeros lo rociaron con gasolina mientras él permanecía sentado y finalmente él mismo prendió una cerilla que lo hizo arder completa e inmediatamente. De esta manera, en silencio, impasible y sin inmutarse, el monje se inmoló hasta morir allí mismo, entre la masificación de la calle, rodeado de sus compañeros y ante la estupefacción de los ciudadanos.
El momento fue inmortalizado por el fotógrafo Malcolm Browne, que en aquel momento formaba parte de Associated Press. Y dio la vuela al mundo como una de las imágenes más icónicas y representativas de la historia. La imperturbabilidad de Quang Duc fue tan impactante, que suscitó las declaraciones del presidente Kennedy. «Ninguna imagen en la historia ha generado tanta emoción a lo largo del mundo como ésta«.
Las consecuencias del acto de Thich Quang Duc quemándose a lo bonzo
La protesta de Thich Quang Duc y el símbolo que representó su suicidio desencadenaron el incremento de presión internacional contra el presidente vietnamita. El líder trató de corresponder con varias reformas en pro de la comunidad budista. Pero no fueron suficientes, deteriorando aún más la relación con el gobierno. Las protestas continuaron, se sucedieron varios ataques mortales en templos y pagodas y, siguiendo el ejemplo de Quang Duc, otros monjes se inmolaron del mismo modo. Finalmente, un golpe de estado en noviembre del mismo año detonó la destitución de Ngo Dihn Diem y su asesinato. Convirtiendo el suicidio inicial en una importante acción política que cambió la historia de Vietnam.
Las últimas palabras del monje, escritas en carta antes de su reivindicación final, fueron las siguientes. «Antes de cerrar los ojos y dirigirme hacia la figura de Buda, suplico respetuosamente al presidente Ngo Dihn Diem que tenga compasión de los habitantes de la nación y que desarrolle una igualdad religiosa […]. Llamo a los venerables reverendos, miembros de la sangha y predicadores budistas para que se organicen y hagan ofrendas con el objetivo de proteger el budismo«.
«Quemarse a lo bonzo» según la RAE
Según la Real Academia Española, «quemarse a lo bonzo» se define como el acto de rociarse de líquido inflamable, prendiéndose fuego en público, en acción de protesta o solidaridad. Y entiende como «bonzo» sacerdote o monje del culto de Buda en Asia Oriental.
El término fue adoptado de esta manera tras los acontecimientos de 1963 y la práctica reiterada de los monjes budistas, tras la primera de Thich Quang Duc.
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