El Monte Rushmore es uno de los monumentos más importantes y reconocibles de Estados Unidos por la simbología que representa en cuanto a su constitución y desarrollo como nación. Entre todos los elementos patrióticos y estructuras emblemáticas desde la firma de la Declaración de Independencia, esta escultura es probablemente la más significativa. Ya que conmemora el nacimiento, el crecimiento, el desarrollo y la conservación del país norteamericano.
Se trata de una talla sobre una montaña de granito situada en Keystone, Dakota del Sur, en la que figuran los rostros de los presidentes George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt y Abraham Lincoln. El complejo monumental tiene una superficie de alrededor de 5 km2 de extensión y mide 18 metros de altura.
La escultura de los cuatro presidentes
La construcción del Monte Rushmore tuvo lugar entre 1927 y 1941. El escultor danés-estadounidense Gutzon Borglum lideró un equipo de 400 trabajadores que tallaron la piedra a partir de moldes de yeso y con el riesgo que supuso la montaña. El artista murió antes de terminar su obra, a los 73 años, dejando a su hijo Lincoln en supervisión la parte final del monumento, siendo apenas un adolescente. Muchas de las herramientas usadas todavía siguen allí. Aunque varios procesos de conservación y reconstrucción ampliaron la zona instalando servicios complementarios, accesos peatonales y otros acondicionamientos generales.
Cada rostro mide aproximadamente 18 metros de altura. En relación a las escalas y proporciones, la nariz de cada uno mide 6 metros de largo, la boca 5.5 metros de ancho y los ojos 4.3 metros entre extremo y extremo.
Uno de los elementos más característicos de la escultura es la expresión facial lograda por Borglum, a pesar de las limitantes del trabajo sobre piedra. Incluyó una columna de granito de unos 56 cm de largo en cada ojo, a modo de pupila, que con la luz del sol crea un efecto sombra simulando el destello de la mirada. Con este pequeño detalle, los cuatro presidentes parecen manifestar una intención, un semblante que representa vida y gesto.
La simbología del Monte Rushmore
El Monte Rushmore representa los primeros 150 años de la historia de los Estados Unidos. George Washington como el primer presidente del país y quien dirigió la Guerra de Independencia que derivó en la firma de la Declaración tras separarse de Gran Bretaña. Thomas Jefferson, el tercer presidente y autor de los textos de la Declaración. Theodore Roosevelt, el vigésimo sexto presidente, quien impulsó el importante desarrollo económico de Estados Unidos durante los primeros años del siglo XX. Y Abraham Lincoln, el décimo sexto presidente, quien lideró al Ejército de la Unión durante la Guerra Civil en defensa del progreso y los derechos, aboliendo la esclavitud.
La razón de ser de la escultura parte de una sugerencia del historiador Doane Robinson por levantar alguna efigie en homenaje a los héroes de la nación, en 1923. Gutzon Borglum propuso su trabajo en talla seleccionando a los cuatro presidentes más relevantes y valiosos en la historia del país, al menos hasta la fecha.
Algunas curiosidades del Monte Rushmore
El Monte Rushmore debe su nombre a un abogado de Nueva York, Charles E. Rushmore, que revisando unos títulos de propiedad en 1884 encontró una montaña sin bautizar. Cuando se planificó el levantamiento del monumento, se eligió esta zona por sus más de 1,500 metros de altura, además de su composición en granito que facilitaría el trabajo de talla.
En una primera versión de la escultura, Thomas Jefferson se encontraba a la derecha de George Washington. Hecho que se invirtió después de 18 meses de obra, dinamitando literalmente lo avanzando hasta ese momento.
El valor total de la construcción en su momento fue de 989,992.32 dólares, incluyendo materiales y mano de obra. Al día de hoy, esa cifra equivaldría a casi 14 millones y medio de dólares. De los cuales el 84% fueron financiados por el gobierno federal.
La cámara secreta e inaccesible
En la parte trasera del monumento existe una desconocida cámara con acceso limitado al público. Se trata de una Sala de Actas o Hall of Records. Un compartimento diseñado para conservar documentos significativos, retratos y otros objetos de valor, como la mismísima Declaración de Independencia. Sin embargo, la dificultad de labrar el granito en el interior de la montaña frustró los planes de Borglum y el proyecto permaneció inacabado, tras su muerte, hasta 1998. Ese año, se introdujo una caja de madera y titanio con documentos históricos y una biografía del artista en su homenaje. En la entrada, un epitafio resume su proyecto y propósito:
«Coloquemos allí, talladas en lo alto, lo más cerca del cielo que podamos, las palabras de nuestros líderes, sus rostros, para mostrar la prosperidad que estos hombres nos dieron. Luego hagamos un rezo: que estas inscripciones aguanten hasta que solamente el viento y la lluvia las lleven lejos«.
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