Cada 10 de diciembre se entrega el Premio Nobel en Estocolmo, Suecia, y en Oslo, Noruega. Se trata de uno de los eventos más importantes e ilustres en el mundo de la investigación, la ciencia y la literatura. Aunque uno de los más destacados por la expectación que supone en el público general es el de la Paz.
El Premio Nobel se otorga como reconocimiento a una contribución excepcional y notable a la humanidad en los estudios de varias disciplinas. La ceremonia se constituyó por primera vez en el año 1895 en cumplimiento de la última voluntad de Alfred Nobel, ingeniero, químico, escritor e inventor sueco del que el premio adquirió el nombre. La primera entrega tuvo lugar en 1901 y desde entonces se otorgaron más de 900.
El testamento de Alfred Nobel
Alfred Nobel nació en Estocolmo en 1833. A lo largo de su vida desarrolló sus habilidades en química e ingeniería, replicando los oficios que había aprendido en su propia familia. Fue propietario de una empresa siderúrgica dedicada a la fabricación de armamento a base de hierro y acero. Y creó dos de los elementos explosivos más utilizados desde entonces en la guerra, la nitroglicerina y la dinamita.
Este último fue su descubrimiento más famoso y el que popularizó su nombre en todo el mundo. También el que causó su mayor sentimiento de culpa al observar el uso que se le dio a sus inventos con el paso del tiempo.
En el año 1888, Nobel leyó su propio obituario en un periódico francés que titulaba El mercader de la muerte ha muerto. La publicación había sido un error, ya que quien había fallecido era su hermano Ludvig. Pero las palabras del texto lo hicieron reflexionar profundamente acerca del legado que estaría dejando al mundo. Así fue como Alfred Nobel decidió modificar su testamento, destinando su fortuna póstuma a la recompensa de quienes llevasen a cabo el mayor beneficio a la humanidad. Firmó sus cesiones el 27 de noviembre de 1895 y cinco años después se creó la Fundación Nobel, encargada de gestionar y administrar las finanzas heredadas y los premios específicamente definidos en las últimas voluntades.
Las categorías del galardón
El testamento de Alfred Nobel especificó la transmisión de 31 millones de coronas suecas, lo que constituía el 94% de su patrimonio, para establecer cinco premios. Las categorías de Física, Química, Fisiología o Medicina, Literatura y Paz, que comenzaron a entregarse en 1901.
Aunque nunca detalló la descripción de cada disciplina, las cuatro primeras corresponden a sus grandes intereses en vida. Hay algunas teorías de que el Nobel de la Paz surgió a partir de la amistad del inventor con Bertha von Suttner, pacifista y escritora austriaca. Ella fue, precisamente, la primera mujer en recibir este galardón den 1905 y la segunda mujer en ganar un Premio Nobel después de Marie Curie.
En 1968, la Real Academia de las Ciencias de Suecia estableció el Premio de Ciencias Económicas del Banco de Suecia, conocido como el Premio Nobel de Economía. Y ante la ausencia de reconocimientos en áreas de matemáticas, el matemático noruego Marius Sophus Lie propuso la creación del premio Abel, otorgado por la Academia Noruega de Ciencias y Letras. Complementado más tarde por la Medalla Fields, recompensa a los descubrimientos más sobresalientes de la ciencia exacta.
En cuanto a disciplinas de historia, tampoco contempladas en las escaletas del Nobel, el Comité Internacional de Ciencias Históricas creó recientemente, en 2015, el Premio Internacional de Ciencias Históricas.
La recompensa del Premio Nobel
Los Premios Nobel suponen el reconocimiento más insigne y eminente al que puede aspirar cualquier persona dedicada a las ciencias y las letras. Sin embargo, la Fundación Nobel estableció el marco del galardón en términos materiales, distinguiendo el premio con una medalla de oro con la imagen de Alfred Nobel, un diploma y una suma económica.
La medalla entregada en Fisica, Química, Fisiología o Medicina y Literatura contiene una imagen del inventor de perfil izquierdo junto a sus fechas de nacimiento y muerte. El reverso muestra una inscripción en latín que se traduce por «Descubierto para ayudar a mejorar los conocimientos». La medalla de la Paz tiene un diseño distinto y la inscripción reza «Para ritmo y la hermandad de las naciones». La de Economía no cuenta con inscripción. Todas ellas fueron acuñadas en oro de 23 quilates hasta 1980. Momento desde el cual se comenzaron a fabricar en oro de 18 quilates, cubierto de oro de 24.
El diploma se entrega directamente por las manos del rey de Suecia, excepto el de la Paz, que se entrega en Noruega por parte del comité correspondiente.
La cuantía económica depende de los ingresos de la Fundación Nobel al momento de la entrega de cada galardón, aunque en 2013 ascendió a 10 millones de coronas suecas, que equivalen a 1 millón de euros.
Personas ilustres que recibieron más de un Premio Nobel
Marie Curie recibió el Premio Nobel de Física en 1903 por sus investigaciones sobre la radiación y de Química en 1911 sobre el radio y el polonio.
Linus Pauling obtuvo el Nobel de Química en 1954 por sus descubrimientos de enlaces químicos y el de la Paz en 1962 por su activismo en contra de las pruebas nucleares.
John Bardeen recibió el Nobel de Física en 1956 por la invención del transistor, y el mismo en 1972 por la teoría de la superconductividad.
Por último, Frederick Sanger ganó el Nobel de Química en 1958 por determinar la estructura de la insulina. En 1980 recibió el mismo por definir la secuencia base del ADN.
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