El viaje en el tiempo ha sido un tema popular en la ciencia ficción durante décadas. Franquicias que van desde Doctor Who a Star Trek ó Regreso al futuro han imaginado a humanos subirse a algún tipo de vehículo y llegar al pasado o al futuro, listos para emprender nuevas aventuras.
Cada película cuenta con sus propias teorías para dar explicación a este fenómeno. La realidad, sin embargo, es mucho más confusa.
No todos los científicos creen que sea posible hacer este tipo de viajes. Algunos incluso defienden que intentarlo sería fatal para cualquiera.
Comprender el tiempo
Si bien la mayoría de la gente piensa en el tiempo como una constante, el físico Albert Einstein demostró que es en realidad una ilusión, un relativo. Que puede variar para diferentes observadores dependiendo de su velocidad a través del espacio.
Para Einstein, el tiempo es lo que se conoce como la cuarta dimensión. El espacio se describe como un área tridimensional que proporciona al viajero coordenadas, como longitud, ancho y altura, que muestran la ubicación. El tiempo proporciona otra coordenada, la dirección, aunque convencionalmente solo avanza y no retrocede.
La Teoría de la Relatividad Especial de Einstein dice que el tiempo se ralentiza o acelera dependiendo de qué tan rápido te muevas en relación con otra cosa. Acercándose a la velocidad de la luz, una persona dentro de una nave espacial envejecería mucho más lento que su gemelo en casa. Además, según la Teoría de la Relatividad General de Einstein, la gravedad es capaz de doblar el tiempo.
Para entender esto hay que imaginar una tela de cuatro dimensiones llamada espacio-tiempo. Cuando un objeto que tiene masa se asienta sobre esa pieza de tela, provoca un hoyuelo o una flexión del espacio-tiempo. La curvatura del espacio-tiempo hace que los objetos se muevan en una trayectoria curva y esa curvatura del espacio es lo que conocemos como gravedad.
Tanto la Teoría de la Relatividad General como la Especial se han probado con tecnología satelital GPS que tiene relojes muy precisos a bordo. Los efectos de la gravedad, así como el aumento de la velocidad de los satélites sobre la Tierra, en relación con los observadores en tierra, hacen que los relojes no ajustados ganen 38 microsegundos por día. Los ingenieros hacen calibraciones para tener en cuenta esta diferencia.
En cierto sentido, este efecto llamado dilatación del tiempo, significa que los astronautas son viajeros en el tiempo, ya que regresan a la Tierra un poco más jóvenes que sus gemelos idénticos que se quedaron en el planeta.
El viaje en el tiempo a través de un agujero de gusano
La Relatividad General también proporciona escenarios que podrían permitir a los viajeros retroceder en el tiempo, según la NASA. Sin embargo, las ecuaciones pueden ser difíciles de lograr físicamente.
Una posibilidad planteada podría ser ir más rápido que la luz, que viaja a 299,792 kilómetros por segundo en el vacío. Sin embargo, las ecuaciones de Einstein muestran que cualquier objeto que logre alcanzar la velocidad de la luz tendría una masa infinita y una longitud de 0. Esto significa que es físicamente imposible, aunque algunos científicos han ampliado sus ecuaciones y han dicho que podría realizarse.
Una posibilidad vinculada, dijo la NASA, sería crear agujeros de gusano, que permiten llegar rapidamente de un punto a otro en el espacio-tiempo de manera instantánea. Aunque las ecuaciones de Einstein lo proporcionan, colapsarían muy rápidamente y solo serían adecuados para partículas muy pequeñas. Además, los científicos aún no han observado ningun agujero de gusano. La tecnología necesaria para crear uno de estos atajos cuánticos va mucho más allá de lo que tenemos o sabemos hoy en día.
Teorías alternativas del viaje en el tiempo
Las teorías de Einstein parecen dificultar o imposibilitar el viaje en el tiempo. No obstante, algunos grupos han propuesto soluciones alternativas para saltar hacia adelante y hacia atrás en la línea temporal.
El cilindro infinito
El astrónomo Frank Tipler propuso un mecanismo, conocido como Cilindro de Tipler, en el que se tomaría materia 10 veces la masa del Sol y se enrollaría en un cilindro muy largo y denso.
Después de hacer girar esto unos pocos miles de millones de revoluciones por minuto, una nave espacial cercana, siguiendo una espiral muy precisa alrededor de este cilindro, podría entrar en una curva cerrada, similar al tiempo.
Sin embargo, existen varias limitaciones con este método, como el hecho de que el cilindro debe ser infinitamente largo para que funcione.
Los agujeros negros
Otra posibilidad sería mover una nave rápidamente alrededor de un agujero negro, o crear artificialmente esa condición con una enorme estructura giratoria.
El artefacto daría vueltas constantes experimentando la mitad del tiempo con respecto a los elementos lejanos al agujero. La nave y su tripulación lograrían viajar a través del tiempo, según escribió el físico Stephen Hawking en 2010. Pero habría que imaginar que rodearon el agujero negro durante cinco años, pasando diez años en total en otro lugar. Cuando llegasen a casa, todos en la Tierra habrían envejecido un lustro más que ellos.
Sin embargo, agregó, la tripulación necesitaría viajar alrededor de la velocidad de la luz para que esto funcione. Otros cientificos señalaron una limitación: una máquina capaz de efectuar tal hazaña podría desmoronarse antes de rotar tan rápido.
Las cuerdas cósmicas
Una tercera teoría para los posibles viajeros en el tiempo involucra algo llamado cuerdas cósmicas. Tubos estrechos de energía extendidos a lo largo de todo el universo en constante expansión. Se predice que estas delgadas regiones, sobrantes del cosmos temprano, contienen grandes cantidades de masa y, por lo tanto, podrían deformar el espacio-tiempo que las rodea.
Las cuerdas cósmicas son infinitas o están en bucles, sin extremos, dicen los científicos. El acercamiento de dos de estos hilos paralelos entre sí doblaría el espacio-tiempo con tanta fuerza y en una configuración tan particular que, en teoría, podría hacer posible el viaje en el tiempo.
Máquinas para realizar el viaje en el tiempo
En general, se entiende que viajar hacia adelante o hacia atrás en el tiempo requeriría un dispositivo, una máquina del tiempo. Esto implicaría doblar el espacio-tiempo hasta el punto de que las líneas de tiempo retroceden sobre sí mismas para formar un bucle, técnicamente conocido como la curva cerrada del tiempo.
Para lograrlo, a menudo se cree que las máquinas del tiempo necesitan una forma exótica de materia con la llamada densidad de energía negativa. Esta materia exótica tendría propiedades extrañas, como el movimiento en dirección opuesta a la materia normal cuando se empuja. Teóricamente, tal materia podría existir; pero si así fuera, podría estar presente solo en cantidades demasiado pequeñas para la construcción de una máquina.
Ante todo esto, la investigación sobre viajes en el tiempo sugiere que vehículos de estas características son posibles sin materia exótica. El trabajo comienza con un agujero en forma de rosquilla envuelto dentro de una esfera de materia normal. Dentro de este vacío, el espacio-tiempo podría doblarse sobre sí mismo utilizando campos gravitacionales enfocados para formar una curva cerrada similar al tiempo. Para retroceder el mismo, un viajero correría dentro de la dona, retrocediendo más en el pasado con cada vuelta. Sin embargo, esta teoría tiene varios obstáculos. Los campos gravitacionales requeridos para hacer una curva de tiempo tan cerrada tendrían que ser muy fuertes y manipularlos requeriría demasiada precisión.
Después de todo, el viaje en el tiempo no parece viable todavía, aunque la física evoluciona constantemente. Los avances en las teorías cuánticas quizás podrían proporcionar cierta comprensión acerca de cómo superar las paradojas espacio-temporales. Una posibilidad, aunque no conduciría necesariamente a resolver este misterio, sería entender cómo ciertas partículas pueden comunicarse instantáneamente entre sí, más rápido que la velocidad de la luz.
Mientras tanto, los fanáticos de este fenómeno pueden experimentarlo indirectamente a través de las películas de ciencia ficción, la televisión y los libros. Algo con lo que debemos conformarnos al menos por el momento.
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