Howard Hughes, nació un 24 de diciembre de 1905 en Houston, Texas. Fue un fabricante, aviador, productor y director de cine que tuvo éxito en todas las áreas donde decidía participar y, debido a ello, adquirió una enorme riqueza.
Fue más conocido por sus excentricidades, fobias y especialmente por su reclusión, que por otras hazañas. Su vida entera se formó alrededor de un remolino de aventuras y emociones que culminaron un 5 de abril de 1976 en un avión accidentado sobre el sur de Texas.
El inicio de su vida
En 1909, el padre de Hughes hizo a la familia extremadamente rica al inventar una broca rotativa para la perforación de pozos de petróleo. Habiendo crecido en un ambiente sin limitaciones, el joven Hughes mostró el mismo interés que su padre y un gran talento para la ingeniería.
Empezó sus estudios en el Instituto de Tecnología de California y en el Instituto de Tecnología Rice. No los pudo completar ya que en el año 1922 su madre falleció y, 2 años más tarde, lo hizo su padre. Hughes tuvo que dejar la escuela y tomar el control del negocio familiar en Houston, Hughes Tool Company. Cuando vendió la empresa en 1972 ya había alcanzado un valor multimillonario.
Los primeros pasos de Howard Hughes en Hollywood
En 1926 Hughes se mudó a Hollywood, donde se hizo conocido por producir películas que superaban el presupuesto usual de la época y generalmente entraban en conflicto con la censura. Algunos de sus títulos más destacados son Two Arabian Knights de 1927, ganadora de un premio de la Academia; así como la popular Hell’s Angels, que empezó a rodarse el mismo año. En esta última, numerosos problemas plagaron el rodaje, originalmente pensada como cine mudo que tuvo que volver a grabarse con sonido. Varios directores abandonaron la producción y finalmente Hughes tuvo que hacerse cargo.
La película se estrenó finalmente en 1930. Si bien la historia de dos pilotos británicos que se enamoran de la misma mujer inalcanzable estaba algo trillada, durante la I Guerra Mundial resultó ser un relato poco inspirador. Sobre todo por los acontecimientos del momento. Sin embargo, las impresionantes secuencias aéreas de la cinta se consideraron innovadoras y la producción terminó siendo un gran éxito de taquilla.
Más tarde, Hughes produjo y dirigió The Outlaw en 1943. La mayor parte de la atención de la película se centró en la actriz Jane Russell, a quien Hughes eligió como protagonista y también como su amante. Se dice que Hughes diseñó un sostén especial para acentuar sus atributos, aunque la actriz declaró más tarde que nunca lo usó durante la filmación. Como era de esperar, el guardarropa de la actriz entró en conflicto con lo permitido para la época y la larga batalla entre Hughes y la Oficina de censura generó mucha publicidad. Lo que ayudó a que The Outlaw fuera un gran éxito.
Aunque Hughes abandonó su faceta como director, continuó trabajando como productor. En el año 1948 compró una participación mayoritaria en RKO Pictures Corporation, pero vendió las acciones en 1953. Al año siguiente, compró toda la empresa solo para venderla nuevamente en 1955. Siguió siendo presidente de la junta hasta 1957. Ese año, Hughes, que tenía relaciones con varias actrices prominentes, se casó con Jean Peters, de quien terminó por divorciarse en 1971.
Su etapa como aviador
Mientras hacía películas, Hughes comenzó a involucrarse más y más en la aviación. En 1932 fundó Hughes Aircraft Company en Culver City, California, donde su principal meta era diseñar los mejores aviones que el mundo jamás había visto. Fue el 12 de septiembre de 1935 en un avión de su propio diseño, que estableció el récord mundial de velocidad con 567.23 km por hora. El 19 de enero de 1937, en la misma nave, dio la vuelta a la Tierra en un récord de 91 horas y 14 minutos. Al año siguiente, Hughes adquirió el 78% de las acciones de Trans World Airlines (TWA). Estaba decidido a seguir innovando la industria de la aviación y a inventar nuevas máquinas aéreas que solamente él podía imaginar.
Durante la II Guerra Mundial, el enfoque de Hughes se centró en los aviones militares. Su compañía tenía varios contratos con el gobierno, en particular para el Hughes XF-11 y el H-4 Hércules. Sin embargo, los aviones sobrepasaron los tiempos de entrega y no se completaron hasta después de la guerra.
En 1946 voló el avión de reconocimiento Hughes XF-11. En la prueba inaugural Howard sufrió un accidente casi fatal que le costó mucho tiempo en el hospital y varias heridas perpétuas. El Hércules, un hidroavión de madera de ocho motores destinado a transportar 750 pasajeros, no se terminó hasta 1947. Año en el que Hughes fue llevado ante un comité del Senado que investigaba la especulación de traición en la guerra. En el juicio se enfrentó contra el senador Owen Brewster y finalmente Howard prevaleció. Posteriormente, el aviador pudo volar el Hércules, conocido popularmente como Spruce Goose, en un único vuelo de solamente 1.6 km.
El Instituto Médico Howard Hughes y sus adquisiciones en Las Vegas
Siempre solitario, Hughes entró en completo aislamiento en 1950. Después de 3 años encerrado, salió al mundo real en 1953 con la idea de fundar el Instituto Médico Howard Hughes. Para cumplir con este cometido, utilizó las ganancias de Hughes Aircraft Company.
Según el mismo Howard, el centro se estableció para explorar la génetica de la vida. Se convirtió en uno de los principales institutos de investigación médica y biológica del momento y fue una de las organizaciones benéficas más grandes y poderosas del mundo. En la década siguiente, se negó a comparecer ante el tribunal para responder a unos nuevos cargos antimonopolio relacionados con TWA y, por lo tanto, perdió el control del negocio. En 1966 vendió sus acciones por más de 500 millones de dólares.
Al año siguiente, Hughes compró el Desert Inn, un casino resort en Las Vegas. Según los informes, hizo la compra después de que le dijeran que abandonara su habitación, tras haber permanecido varios meses encerrado en ella. Esto provocó una ola de adquisiciones que incluyó otros casinos y grandes extensiones de terrenos sin desarrollar. Hughes jugó un papel muy influyente en el crecimiento de Las Vegas tal como la conocemos hoy en día, cambiando la imagen de la ciudad, fuertemente vinculada a la mafia entonces, y generando más inversión corporativa.
Los años posteriores de Howard Hughes
La inclinación de Hughes por la privacidad y el aislamiento a menudo lo enredaban en varias controversias. Esto culminó en 1971 con un escándalo sobre lo que supuestamente eran sus memorias, que fueron compradas para la publicación de libros y revistas por la suma de un millón de dólares. Posteriormente se descubrió que el manuscrito y las cartas supuestamente relacionadas a él eran documentos fraudulentos y falsificados.
En sus últimos años, Hughes mudó abruptamente su residencia de un lugar a otro, pasando por Bahamas, Nicaragua, Canadá, Inglaterra, Las Vegas y México. Como sucedió con el casino Desert Inn, tomó bastantes precauciones para garantizar la privacidad absoluta en un hotel de lujo y rara vez lo veían, excepto algunos ayudantes masculinos. Tras cierto tiempo trabajando durante días sin dormir en una habitación con cortinas negras, se volvió demacrado y trastornado por los efectos de una dieta escasa y un exceso de drogas. En 1976 murió en un vuelo desde Acapulco, México, hacia Houston, Texas, para buscar un tratamiento médico que nunca pudo llegar.
Después de su muerte, surgió un considerable debate legal sobre la disposición de su patrimonio. Aparecieron varios “testamentos”, incluido uno que se encontró en las oficinas de la iglesia mormona en Salt Lake City, pero finalmente se declaró que todos eran falsificaciones y el gobierno tomó posesión de todos sus bienes.
Es una lastima que al hablar de Howard Hughes, la mayoría lo recuerde solamente como un loco que sufría agorafobia. Solo algunos cuantos que pueden ver más allá de sus problemas personales, logran vislumbrar la genialidad que el hombre tuvo para desarrollar con éxito tantas áreas de trabajo. Mismas que disfrutamos todos hoy en día.
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