Esta historia comienza en una de esas asignaturas adolescentes de las que no esperas mucho al principio y a las que eliges el primer día un poco por conveniencia, un poco por casualidad.
Yo formaba parte de una tercia de ases: dos dedicadas al balón y una a la música y a la flauta travesera. Y esta es la parte de la conveniencia, porque la casualidad ya no depende de uno.
En dos o tres clases semanales a lo largo de unos pocos meses me fui dando cuenta de que a veces no esperar nada es algo bueno y ahí es donde me contaron esta crónica, de la que de momento mencionaré solo el principio.
Hablando de historias contadas, hay algunas que no son tan populares y se olvidan y clasifican en una especie de archivo en el imaginario colectivo, custodiado por el tumulto del presente y el desinterés. Luego resultan ser las más interesantes.
En este caso, la historia va de música, de orígenes. Lo que hubo antes del gospel, blues, rythm and blues y rock and roll.
Siglo XVII en el Nuevo Continente
Vamos a imaginar una línea del tiempo que por ahora se sitúa alrededor de 1620. El mundo se erige orgulloso de su civilización moderna, de sus proezas en la tecnología, en la ciencia o en la medicina. Mientras crece y se desarrolla oscilando entre barbaries y atrocidades, guerras, genocidios y conflicto.
Cruzando el Océano Atlántico llegaban los primeros habitantes del occidente africano a las colonias inglesas. Hoy cuesta imaginar cómo fue aquello más allá de lo visto en algunas películas. Pero sabemos que eran despojados de todo derecho, justicia, hogar y dignidad, en un éxodo obligatorio que duraría unos doscientos años.
Al principio eran grupos reducidos. Después se contaron por millones los que llegaron a América como comercio y distracción del hombre blanco, relegados a una vida lacerante de castigo vil y grotesco, sin libertad. Pero no sin voz o cultura.
Esto último fue lo único que se llevaron consigo: melodías, ritmos y acordes. Sonidos que sobrevivieron al ambiente colonial y que fueron el preludio de la música afroamericana.
Donde empieza la influencia
¿A dónde nos está llevando este viaje transatlántico?
La música que envolvía a las gentes del África occidental no se concebía sin su disciplina adjunta, la danza. Las comunidades vivían y se desenvolvían rodeadas de cánticos y bailes en toda su actividad. Los que se dedicaban a ello de forma profesional, heredando vocación en generaciones, eran bien considerados y próximos a reyes y jerarcas.
La piedra angular de sus creaciones era la improvisación sin más. El cantante y el músico inventaban un esquema musical breve, repitiéndolo y añadiendo pequeñas variaciones. Era común que la voz principal realizase un estribillo apoyado por dos o más en función de coro, que le respondían. Y así es como surgió el método de la llamada – respuesta. Esta fórmula es el fundamento de gospel, blues, rock and roll y por supuesto está presente en muchas de las canciones que hoy suenan en Spotify.
Este es un ejemplo muy pequeño aunque bastante representativo de toda la herencia cultural que se desarrolló en esta historia. La temática costumbrista, el tono de liberación y tristeza en sus letras…, fueron variando y evolucionando hasta convertirse en el alma de los géneros posteriores, que comparten entre sí las mismas raíces.
Lo poco que se sabe y que trascendió de aquellos pioneros fue su forma de expresión y comunicación. Sin que hubiese un registro formal de todo ello, el único testimonio de aquellas voces quedó en los periódicos coloniales, registros judiciales, epistolares, memorias y otras publicaciones perdidas en la clandestinidad.
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