En 1983, en Rusia, existió un hombre que habría sido considerado un enemigo en gran parte para Estados Unidos. Pero resultó que, para ellos y para el mundo, se convertiría en un héroe desconocido, quizás el héroe más grande de todos los tiempos. Debido al secreto militar y las diferencias políticas e internacionales, la mayor parte del mundo no ha oído hablar de este hombre. Su nombre es Stanislav Petrov.
La intuición de Stanislav Petrov
El extraordinario incidente que condujo a su heroísmo ocurrió cerca de Moscú, en la ex Unión Soviética, poco después de la medianoche del 26 de septiembre de 1983. Debido a las diferencias horarias, todavía era el 25 de septiembre en Estados Unidos, un domingo por la tarde.
Durante la Guerra Fría en este momento, Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética fueron acérrimos adversarios. Estas dos potencias mundiales no confiaban la una en la otra, y este sentimiento condujo a una consecuencia peligrosa. Ambos países construyeron miles de armas nucleares para usarlas entre sí si alguna vez estallaba una provocación importante. En el caso hipotético que hubiese una guerra de este tipo, era muy probable que las dos naciones se devastaran mutuamente y también a gran parte del mundo. Lo que provocaría la muerte de quizás cientos de millones de personas o, en un caso crítico, incluso el fin de la humanidad.
Era el deber del teniente coronel Stanislav Petrov usar computadoras y satélites para advertir a la Unión Soviética si alguna vez ocurría un ataque con misiles nucleares por parte de Estados Unidos. En el caso de tal ataque, la estrategia de la Unión Soviética era lanzar un contraataque total inmediato con todo el poder Ruso nuclear en contra del país americano.
Aquel 26 de septiembre algo salió mal. De repente sonaron las alarmas de la computadora, advirtiendo que un misil estadounidense se dirigía hacia la Unión Soviética. El teniente coronel Petrov intuyó y dedujo que se había producido un error informático, ya que no era probable que Estados Unidos lanzara un solo misil si su objetivo era atacar a la nación rusa. Lo más probable a su juicio era que lanzasen varios proyectiles. Además, en el pasado ya se habían planteado dudas sobre la fiabilidad del sistema de satélite que se estaba utilizando. Así que descartó la advertencia como una falsa alarma, y concluyó que Estados Unidos no había lanzado ningún misil.
La amenaza inminente y la sangre fría de su decisión
Poco tiempo después, la situación se volvió muy seria. El sistema informático indicaba que Estados Unidos había lanzado un segundo misil que se acercaba a territorio soviético. Luego mostró que se lanzaba un tercer misil, un cuarto y un quinto. El sonido de las alarmas fue ensordecedor. Frente al teniente coronel Petrov, la frase «lanzar ataque» parpadeaba en letras brillantes, presumiblemente la instrucción que indicaba que debían lanzar un contraataque masivo.
En medio de la tensión y aunque Petrov tenía la sensación de que el sistema estaba fallando, no tenía forma de saberlo con certeza, no existía comprobación. El radar terrestre de la Unión Soviética no era capaz de detectar ningún misil más allá del horizonte cercano, información que para entonces llegaría demasiado tarde para ser útil. Y lo que es peor, solo contaba con unos minutos para entregar su informe a la dirección militar.
Finalmente tomó su decisión, confiaría en su intuición y declararía una falsa alarma. Si estaba equivocado se daría cuenta enseguida, ya que comenzarían a llover misiles nucleares en todo el territorio.
Stanislav Petrov esperó. Pasaron los minutos y los segundos y todo permaneció en silencio, sin misiles ni destrucción. Su decisión había sido correcta y había evitado una guerra nuclear mundial. Fue un héroe y los que lo rodeaban lo felicitaron por su excelente juicio.
Las consecuencias, ciegas e injustas
Pese a la magnitud de su decisión, a ojos de la Unión Soviética Petrov había desobedecido el procedimiento militar, desafiando las advertencias de la computadora y el protocolo. Debido a esto, más tarde fue sometido a un intenso interrogatorio por parte de sus superiores sobre sus acciones durante esta terrible experiencia. Quizá porque había ignorado las advertencias, ya no se lo consideraba un oficial militar confiable. Es de suponer que en el ejército se entiende que las órdenes y los reglamentos deben cumplirse impecablemente sin excepciones.
Al final, el ejército soviético no recompensó ni honró a Stanislav Petrov por este hecho, pero tampoco lo castigó. Sin embargo, su prometedora carrera militar había llegado a su fin. Fue reasignado a un puesto menos sensible y pronto se le retiró del cuerpo. Pasó a vivir su vida en Rusia como un hombre jubilado.
Debido a las acciones de Stanislav Petrov aquel día de 1983, la Tierra se salvó de lo que podría haberse convertido en la tragedia más devastadora en la historia de la humanidad. Stanislav Petrov ha dicho que no se considera un héroe por lo que hizo, pero teniendo en cuenta la incalculable cantidad de vidas salvadas y la salud general del planeta, es innegable que es el héroe más grande de todos los tiempos.
Todavía hay algo más inquietante en este incidente. Stanislav Petrov no estaba programado originalmente para estar de servicio aquella noche. Si él no estuviera allí, es posible que otro oficial al mando hubiera actuado diferente, llevando al mundo a un holocausto nuclear.
Después de haber salvado al mundo Stanislav Petrov arruinó su carrera y su salud. Falleció en el año de 2017, haciendo imposible que la humanidad pudiera pagarle tan inmesurable deuda.
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