El cóctel molotov es un arma más o menos extendida en algunos movimientos de revueltas populares violentas, especialmente por su fabricación casera sencilla.
Se trata de una bomba incendiaria basada en la expansión de líquidos inflamables con el objetivo de iniciar un fuego lo más dañino posible. Se confecciona a partir de productos inflamables como la gasolina, con otros elementos expansivos en un recipiente de vidrio, como una botella. Dentro de la clasificación armamentística, el cóctel molotov se considera bomba termobárica (de calor y presión), de baja intensidad.
El nombre del cóctel molotov
El origen del nombre de este artefacto tuvo lugar durante la Guerra de Invierno de 1939. Una disputa entre la Unión Soviética y Finlandia en la que los primeros trataron de expandir su territorio aprovechando la coyuntura del conflicto internacional de la II Guerra Mundial.
En este enfrentamiento al norte de Europa, Viacheslav Mijáilovich Skriabin, conocido como Molotov, ejercía de comisario de Asuntos Exteriores de la URSS. Es a él a quien se atribuye la invención de la bomba, fabricada por el Ejército Rojo, aunque el autor original es de identidad desconocida y se sabe que se utilizó tiempo atrás en otros acontecimientos históricos.
En una fase de bombardeos masivos sobre territorio finlandés, Molotov comunicó sarcásticamente por radio a la población hostigada que la Fuerza Aérea del Ejército Rojo no estaba lanzando bombas, sino alimentos. Con el mismo sarcasmo y siguiendo el símil, los finlandeses llamaron «canastas de pan Molotov» a los explosivos soviéticos. En respuesta armada, contraatacaron arrojando a los tanques rusos las bombas incendiarias, alegando que si los soviéticos ponían la comida, ellos pondrían la bebida. Y fue así como se acuñó el término de «cóctel molotov».
El uso del arma incendiaria por primera vez en la historia
Al igual que hicieron los finlandeses durante la Guerra de Invierno, el cóctel molotov tuvo gran eficacia como arma antitanque. Con este propósito se utilizó por primera vez unos años antes, en 1936, durante la Guerra Civil Española. Lo emplearon los sublevados liderados por Franco ante los tanques ligeros del bando republicano cedidos por la Unión Soviética. Al parecer, los carros de combate rusos tienen una larga historia con este artefacto.
En la historia de España existe, de hecho, una especie de antecedente al cóctel molotov. El Cóctel Domínguez, descrito como «frasco de fuego» en un despliegue anti contrabando en las costas de Calahonda, en Granada, en 1831.
Con el paso del tiempo, el cóctel molotov se mantuvo principalmente en conflictos urbanos, manifestaciones violentas, motines y otras revueltas, dada su elaboración sencilla y barata. Un simple trapo o pedazo de tela sirve como mecha. Una vez prendida, se lanza el artefacto y, al romperse el vidrio, se esparce el contenido inflamable generando una pequeña explosión y un fuego de mayor o menor propagación.
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