De niños, muchos americanos aprendieron una versión descafeinada de la primera historia de Acción de Gracias. Pero no todo fue paz, amor y pasar la salsa como muchos creen.
Los colonos británicos de Plymouth, en Massachusetts, y sus aliados de la tribu local Wampanoag se reunieron en 1621 para celebrar una fiesta épica de tres días con el propósito de celebrar la primera cosecha exitosa de los conquistadores. Esta es la versión oficial del origen del día de Acción de Gracias, pero está muy lejos de ser la real. La historia verídica detrás de esta fecha clave en el calendario norteamericano es mucho más complicada y menos amigable.
Los exiliados religiosos ingleses comenzaron a establecerse en el nuevo mundo conquistando a las comunidades locales con engaños y alianzas ficticias. Con el tiempo exprimieron sus conocimientos de cultivo y caza para sostener su floreciente sociedad.
El hecho es que la paz que reunió a los Wampanoag y a los colonos en una mesa por primera vez no fue tan sólida como nos gustaría creer. Hubo mucha sangre derramada antes y después de esa primera fiesta. Tanto es así, que actualmente muchos nativos americanos marcan el día de Acción de Gracias como un recuerdo solemne de las víctimas, y no como una celebración.
La primera cena de Acción de Gracias reunió a más de 100 personas, al menos 90 nativos y 50 ingleses. La fiesta duró tres días, ya que los Wampanoag tardaron dos días completos solamente en llegar al punto de reunión.
La paz del tratado de 1620
Un líder Wampanoag llamado Massasoit negoció por primera vez un tratado entre los colonos de Plymouth y la tribu en 1620 que incluía un pacto de paz y no agresión. Acordaron que, al comerciar, ninguno poseería armas para asegurar el comercio pacífico.
Durante muchos años, Massasoit y los colonos mantuvieron su alianza, intercambiando bienes por tierras, recursos naturales y otros activos de Wampanoag.
Este convenio se firmó en una mesa en la que compartieron alimentos como símbolo de hermandad entre las dos comunidades. Fue este acontecimiento el el que se conmemora el día de Acción de Gracias, una fecha casi tan importante en Estados Unidos como la Navidad misma. Pero esta tradición tan arraigada parece no tener en cuenta lo que sucedió cuarenta años después de aquel tratado.
Cuando Massasoit falleció en 1661 y su hijo, Wamsutta, asumió su cargo las mareas comenzaron a cambiar. El propio Wamsutta murió misteriosamente un año después, mientras visitaba a los colonos para discutir las tensiones acumuladas entre los dos grupos. Su sucesor, Metacomet, solo avivó las llamas.
La violación al tratado
En 1675, tres nativos fueron ejecutados después de asesinar a un hombre que había servido de traductor a los colonos, lo que solo empeoró la situación. Metacomet temía que los nativos perdieran el derecho a más tierras y construyó una coalición de varias tribus nativas para protegerse. En el otoño de 1675, comenzaron a reñir con los colonos y atacaron asentamientos en Connecticut y Massachusetts.
La tribu Narragansett quería permanecer neutral, pero ofreció refugio y protección a los Wampanoag que estaban en su campamento. Como resultado, las fuerzas inglesas atacaron el bastión de Narragansett, una sangrienta batalla en la que murieron hasta 600 nativos y unos 150 colonos.
Se produjo lo que se conoció como la Guerra del Rey Felipe, apodo en inglés que se le dio a Metacomet. Este conflicto diezmó tanto a unos como a otros. Wampanoag secuestró a algunos colonos y los exigió como rescate, mientras los colonos saquearon y destruyeron las aldeas nativas. Gran parte de las colonias fueron quemadas y desvalijadas.
Se cree que el número final de muertos durante la guerra podría haber representado el 30% de la población inglesa y la mitad de los nativos americanos en Nueva Inglaterra. Terminó cuando Metacomet fue asesinado, decapitado y desmembrado. Sus aliados restantes fueron ejecutados o vendidos como esclavos en las Indias Occidentales. Los colonos empalaron la cabeza del «Rey Felipe» en una espiga y la exhibieron en Plymouth durante 25 años, como efigie de la cruel contienda.
La dualidad del día de Acción de Gracias
Ese no fue el único conflicto entre los pueblos nativos y los colonos. Otras guerras estallaron en Virginia, Connecticut, Nueva York y otros lugares. La población nativa americana nunca se recuperó realmente y, para muchos, la llegada de los colonos no fue el comienzo de un nuevo mundo, sino el final de otro.
Por esta razón, los nativos americanos y sus simpatizantes hacen su propia celebración la misma fecha de Acción de Gracias desde el año 1970. Se reúnen al mediodía en Plymouth para conmemorar un Día Nacional de Luto, honrar a los antepasados nativos y las luchas de los pueblos indígenas por sobrevivir. Se considera un día para recordar, de conexión espiritual y de protesta contra el racismo y la opresión que los nativos americanos han experimentado y continúan experimentando hasta el día de hoy.
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