Big Brother, o Gran Hermano en español, fue creado por el holandés John de Mol Jr. y transmitido por primera vez en los Países Bajos en el año 1999. Se trata de una franquicia de televisión que en su momento introdujo un nuevo concepto de telerrealidad en la programación de entretenimiento. Consiste en el encierro de varios concursantes en una casa vigilada con micrófonos y cámaras que filman y registran todas sus acciones durante tres meses.
Estas imágenes se transmiten en televisión en vivo a millones de personas que observan minusiosamente el comportamiento de los participantes, votando semanalmente para eliminar a uno de ellos hasta que se proclama un ganador.
A día de hoy, después de más de veinte años, se cuentan 448 temporadas en más de 54 países, incluidas versiones VIP y otros formatos derivados que se emitieron localmente.
El origen de Big Brother
El término Gran Hermano viene de la novela 1984 de George Orwell, donde el tema de la vigilancia opresiva del mundo es el centro de la historia y una entidad se encarga de mantener el orden a través de sus enfermizos medios de transmisión de imágenes. El formato de televisión se inspiró además en otro tipo de técnicas para mantener el interés del público, complicando la convivencia de los participantes para que exista cierta tensión y origine algo de qué hablar.
Fuente de la imagen: George Orwell
Durante los meses de concurso, la dirección del programa va asignando tareas a los concursantes semanalmente que tienen que superar para recibir más víveres y gozar de ciertos privilegios.
Uno de los elementos más característicos del formato es el confesionario, una sala privada en la que los concursantes pueden confesar sus sentimientos y pensamientos a un ente llamado «Súper» en España, que se dirige a ellos mediante voz. Es en este lugar donde cada participante comunica sus nominaciones, tras de lo cual quedan elegidos los personajes sometidos a la votación del público para su expulsión.
La primera edición y las adaptaciones posteriores
La primera versión de Big Brother, emitida en el año 99 en Holanda, era muy básica. Aunque se proporcionaron servicios esenciales como agua corriente, muebles y una ración limitada de comida, se prohibieron los artículos de lujo. Esto agregó un componente de supervivencia al programa que aumentó sustancialmente los problemas de convivencia. Casi todas las ediciones posteriores proporcionaron una vivienda mucho más moderna, incluso con jacuzzi, sauna, suite VIP, loft y otros lujos.
Fuente de la imagen: Endemol
El formato se convirtió de inmediato en un fenómeno social y terminó siendo una de las franquicias más duraderas de la televisión internacional. Si bien cada país tiene su propia versión, la esencia del programa sigue siendo la misma.
En 2001, la adaptación estadounidense adoptó un estilo diferente desde la segunda temporada, donde se animaba a los concursantes a elaborar estrategias para avanzar en el juego y lograr deshacerse de su competencia. Big Brother Canada, introducido en 2013, también sigue esta modalidad. En 2011, la versión del Reino Unido agregó de manera controvertida la discusión de las nominaciones antes del voto, lo que generó mucha pólemica y más conflictos dentro de la casa.
La recepción de la audiencia y el impacto social
Los primeros años tras el lanzamiento del formato estuvieron marcados por el eterno debate de si Big Brother es o no «telebasura». Por un lado, se elogiaba su capacidad de experimento social. En el sentido de analizar psicológica y sociológicamente la conducta de varios individuos desconocidos encerrados temporalmente en una casa, con todo lo que eso conlleva. Por otro lado, no deja de ser televisión, por lo que la supuesta espontaneidad de los concursantes puede verse manipulada por el programa con el fin de generar momentos que estimulen un crecimiento de audiencia. Probablemente, y nadie lo niega, el formato comenzó con un propósito experimental. Pero año tras año, con cada nueva edición, las televisoras fueron cambiando la mecánica para controlar mucho más cada variable, y así obtener mayor beneficio. Al fin y al cabo, así es como funciona la tele.
Desde el punto de vista mediático, Big Brother fue diversificando con el tiempo los canales de difusión de su contenido. Desde la transmisión diaria en televisión, Internet y redes sociales hasta la interacción directa de la audiencia por medio de voto desde app.
Fuente de la imagen: Telecinco
El rating de Big Brother
En términos de audiencia y pese a algunos altibajos, el formato fue un fenómeno sin igual. La primera edición de Países Bajos contó con 1.5 millones de espectadores en vivo por cada episodio. Cifra que se multiplicaba durante eventos especiales, como la final, y que creció en las ediciones posteriores. Durante más de veinte años atrajo a millones de espectadores en todo el mundo, permitiendo una larga durabilidad en antena que se mantiene a día de hoy. Aunque también es cierto que en muchos países funciona mejor con concursantes VIP, es decir, famosos. Desde el punto de vista del espectador, es mucho más interesante ver convivir a ciertos personajes conocidos, y hasta enemistados, que a otros anónimos.
En general, a la audiencia le gusta el chisme. Le gusta ver conflicto, discusiones e historias de amor intensificadas por un encierro temporal que, como dicen los mismos participantes, «magnifica las cosas». El hecho de observar la vida diaria de unas cuantas personas y su reacción ante varias situaciones estímulo es una fórmula que funciona. Tanto es así, que después de Big Brother se diseñaron infinidad de formatos de reality shows en todo el mundo, unos más exitosos que otros.
Las controversias alrededor de Big Brother
En abril de 2000, Castaway, una productora independiente, presentó una demanda contra John de Mol y Endemol (empresa dueña de los derechos del formato) por robar los conceptos de su propio programa Survive!. Un reality show donde los concursantes deben sobrevivir en una isla desierta mientras las cámaras los grababan 24 horas al día. Este formato es el antecedente al exitoso Supervivientes. Pese a los parecidos, el tribunal que llevó el caso finalmente desestimó la demanda dadas las diferencias entre ambos programas.
En el mismo año, los herederos de George Orwell demandaron también a Endemol y a la cadena CBS por infracción de derechos de autor y marca registrada. Tras de una serie de fallos judiciales adversos a los demandados, el caso se resolvió por una cantidad de dinero no revelada la noche del juicio.
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