La radiación es una forma de energia que ha co existido con la especie humana desde el inicio de nuestros días. La mayor parte se forma naturalmente a partir de minerales radiactivos que se encuentran en el suelo, el agua e incluso en nuestros cuerpos. Otras fuentes artificiales son los rayos X, la radioterapia y algunas líneas eléctricas. Debido a que nuestros cuerpos han evolucionado en presencia de dicha energía, están diseñados para lidiar con los niveles bajos a los que estamos expuestos diariamente. Sin embargo, demasiada radiación puede dañar los tejidos al cambiar la estructura celular y dañar el ADN. Hace más de 20 años, una extraña reacción química en una planta de energía en Japón dejó a uno de sus técnicos, Hisashi Ouchi, viviendo en agonía. Mantenido con vida por los médicos, sufrió las consecuencias más nefastas de la radiación hasta que ésta terminó con su vida.
El accidente que condenó a Hisashi Ouchi
Hisashi Ouchi estaba ayudando a un compañero a verter litros de uranio en una enorme tina de metal en la planta de energía nuclear de Tokaimura, en 1999. Sin embargo, por un error de cálculo, el líquido alcanzó el «punto crítico» y liberó una peligrosa radiación de neutrones y rayos gamma a la atmósfera. Ninguno de los involucrados había sido capacitado para llevar a cabo una tarea tan delicada. De hecho, más tarde se descubrió que involucraba 16 kg de uranio, cuando el límite legal era de solo 2.4 kg.
Según los informes, debido a que los trabajadores estaban transfiriendo manualmente la solución, no tenían forma de medir cuánta se había utilizado. Ouchi, de 35 años, fue el más expuesto a la radiación, lo que le llevó a sufrir quemaduras, mareos y vómitos de inmediato. Este sería el comienzo de su pesadilla de 83 días.
Había absorbido 17 sieverts de radiación, el nivel más alto sufrido por cualquier ser humano vivo en la historia, y más del doble de la cantidad que supuestamente debería matar a una persona. Para poner en contexto, los servicios de emergencia en Chernobyl estuvieron expuestos a solo 0.25 sv.
El tratamiento contra la radiación y su muerte
Ouchi fue trasladado de urgencia al Hospital de la Universidad de Tokio después del incidente y el área que rodea la planta fue bloqueada. Los médicos descubrieron que Ouchi no tenía glóbulos blancos, necesitaba grandes injertos de piel y múltiples transfusiones de sangre.
Las primeras consecuencias de la exposición fueron la destrucción progresiva de los tejidos blandos de su cuerpo. Sin entrar en detalles demasiado gráficos, la piel comenzó a deteriorarse hasta desprenderse, dejando a Hisashi descarnado, sufriendo graves sangrados y un dolor insoportable. Durante los días posteriores, la radiación comenzó a afectar los órganos vitales, corrompiendo el funcionamiento normal del organismo y desencadenando una dependencia prácticamente integral de la ayuda de máquinas para mantenerlo con vida. En todo este proceso, la pérdida de peso era evidente, al igual que la pérdida de capacidades básicas para respirar, alimentarse, comunicarse o moverse. El estado de su cuerpo era crítico, pero los médicos trataron de mantenerlo con vida en parte por estudiar el suceso, hasta entonces nunca visto.
Una semana después de su tratamiento, Ouchi suplicó que lo dejasen morir ante la terrible agonía. Casi dos meses después del incidente, en el día 59 de su estadía en el hospital, el corazón de Ouchi se paró 3 veces. Sin embargo, a petición de su familia, los médicos continuaron el tratamiento. El 21 de diciembre del mismo año, el cuerpo de Ouchi finalmente se rindió y murió como resultado de un fallo orgánico múltiple.
El supervisor de los técnicos, Yutaka Yokokawa, también recibió tratamiento. Fue liberado después de tres meses con una enfermedad leve por radiación, antes de enfrentar cargos de negligencia en octubre de 2000. La compañía de combustible nuclear JCO pagó 121 millones de dólares para resolver 6,875 reclamos de compensación de personas y empresas que habían estado expuestos a la radiación del accidente. Cayó en la quiebra al poco tiempo.
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