La industria cinematográfica en India es mucho más grande de lo que parece, sobre todo en los últimos años. Cada año se estrenan más de mil películas en este país, en varios idiomas de una franja de regiones. Entre ellos, el principal es el hindi, cuyos filmes englobamos en lo que se conoce como Bollywood.
A ojos de la audiencia internacional, esta industria evoca imágenes abarrotadas de colores brillantes, canciones y grandes números de baile. Pero lo cierto es que Bollywood es mucho más que eso.
Los principios de Bollywood
El término Bollywood hace referencia literalmente al Hollywood de Bombay (ahora Mumbai), capital del cine indio. Adquirió la inicial de la región por primera vez en una columna de chismes de una revista en la década de 1970. Pero el origen de las producciones se remontan mucho tiempo atrás, a principios del siglo XX.
El primer largometraje indio forma parte del cine mudo y se estrenó en 1913 con el título Raja Harishchandra. Su productor, Dadasaheb Phalke, fue el primer magnate de la industria y más tarde supervisó la producción de 23 películas entre 1913 y 1918. Sin embargo, a diferencia de Hollywood, el crecimiento del séptimo arte en este país fue bastante lento.
Durante los primeros años 20 surgieron varias compañías de producción. La mayoría de las películas de la época eran de naturaleza mitológica o histórica. De hecho, los clásicos indios y la literatura mítica, como El Ramayana y El Mahabharata lideraban por mucho en audiencia. Sin embargo, la influencia de Hollywood, especialmente de la acción, impactó rápida y directamente en el interés por este nuevo género.
En 1931 se estrenó Alam Ara, la primera película sonora, que abrió el camino hacia el futuro. Desde entonces, el número de productoras y filmaciones comenzaron a dispararse cada año, pasando de 108 cintas en 1927 a 328 en 1931. Junto al color, pronto aparecieron las animaciones y se perfeccionaron los recursos cinematográficos. Se construyeron enormes palacios de cine y hubo un cambio notable en la composición de la audiencia, más masiva y popular.
Los años de la II Guerra Mundial detuvieron temporalmente este crecimiento debido a la limitación de importaciones de material y las restricciones gubernamentales. Aún así, el público se mantuvo fiel y la venta de entradas continuó creciendo.
![Escena de la película mitológica Mayabazar de 1957](https://tintaindomita.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Mayabazar.jpg)
Fuente de la imagen: Rgyan.com
Una nueva forma de hacer cine
Fue alrededor de 1947 cuando la industria experimentó cambios significativos y empezó a transformarse en el cine indio moderno. Las historias mitológicas del pasado se reemplazaron por películas social-reformistas, críticas hacia determinadas prácticas como el sistema de dote, la poligamia, el clasismo y la prostitución. La década de 1950 vio nacer a cineastas como Bimal Roy y Satyajit Ray, que se centraban en la vida de las clases bajas, hasta entonces ignoradas.
En los años 60 directores como Ray, Mrinal Sen y Ritwik Ghatak impulsaron nuevas tendencias de realismo y acercamiento al hombre común. Las producciones de esta época diferían mucho de las que se venían desarrollando, más grandes y comerciales. Y surgieron, finalmente, las películas Masala, una mezcla de los géneros de acción, comedia y melodrama, puntuada por alrededor de seis números de canciones y bailes. Este nuevo universo cinematográfico es extravagante y surrealista, donde todo se puede en términos de ciencia y física. Para muchos, una joya de la humanidad.
Fuente del vídeo: YouTube fuFAILTV
Las estrambóticas películas Masala en Bollywood y su fama mundial
Manmohan Desai fue uno de los directores de Bollywood más exitosos de los años 70 y muchos lo consideran el padre de las películas Masala. Defendiendo su enfoque, dijo: “Quiero que la gente olvide su miseria. Quiero llevarlos a un mundo de sueños donde no hay pobreza, donde no hay mendigos, donde el destino es bondadoso y Dios está ocupado cuidando su rebaño”.
La mezcolanza de géneros es un modelo que aún domina Bollywood. Aunque ahora se presta mayor atención a la trama, el desarrollo de los personajes y la tensión dramática, en la mayoría de los casos es el talento de los actores lo que define el éxito de una película. Con el triunfo internacional de películas como Slumdog Millionaire y la inyección de capital extranjero, es posible que Bollywood haya entrado en un nuevo capítulo de su historia.
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