En teoría, el cuerpo humano no tiene precio o, por lo menos, no en un sentido moral y filosófico. Pero en realidad se ha especulado mucho sobre el valor económico del cuerpo humano, la cifra que podría representar la suma total del valor de los órganos, que puede llegar a alcanzar los 45 millones de dólares.
Muchos estudios hechos por los departamentos de salud de Estados Unidos han concluido que el verdadero precio promedio de un cuerpo humano oscila en torno a los 550,000 dólares. Todo depende de si estamos hablando de vender sus órganos legalmente o en el mercado negro. El órgano más caro que se puede vender legalmente en Estados Unidos es el corazón, con un coste de un millón de dólares. El hígado ocupa el segundo lugar, con un valor aproximado de 557,000 dólares y los riñones, el tercero, con unos 262,000 dólares cada uno. Entendemos por «legalmente» al intercambio por medio del sistema de salud norteamericano, cuyos gastos asume el paciente o, en su defecto, la compañía aseguradora. En el mercado negro, sin embargo, los precios son considerablemente más bajos, en torno al 10% de los costos anteriores.
En Estados Unidos hay actualmente 123,000 personas en las listas de espera de trasplantes, y solo 14,000 órganos trasplantados al año. Esto significa que todos los días mueren alrededor de 18 personas esperando la cirugía. La escasez mundial de órganos ha propiciado el surgimiento de un mercado negro, reduciéndose al final en un asunto de oferta y demanda.
El mercado negro
El tráfico o comercio ilegal de órganos es, según la OMS, una operación médico – financiera en el que existe un fin de lucro que estimula la venta ilícita de organos humanos. La mayoría de estos intercambios están hechos clandestinamente por personas que trabajan en la morgue.
La cantidad de tráfico ilegal de órganos no está clara ya que no existen estadísticas oficiales al respecto. Sin embargo, los estudios estiman que entre el 5% y el 42% de los órganos trasplantados mundialmente se compran de manera ilícita. Tampoco existen cifras oficiales sobre la facturación total del mercado negro, pero diferentes análisis estiman ganancias entre 600 millones y 1.2 mil millones por año.
Según la National Kidney Foundation, el tiempo de espera promedio en Estados Unidos para poder recibir, en este caso, un riñón es de 3.6 años. En contraste, en Canadá es de cuatro a cinco años, llegando en algunos casos hasta los siete. Y en el Reino Unido, un promedio de dos a tres años.
Con la esperanza de conseguir un trasplante de órganos, la gente está dispuesta a gastar mucho dinero en el mercado negro para conseguir una oportunidad que le salve la vida. El órgano más vendido ilícitamente es, precisamente, el riñón. La OMS calcula que se comercializan 10,000 riñones de esta manera en todo el mundo cada año, lo que equivale a más de uno por hora.
El valor económico del cuerpo humano y la ética
Todavía existe un debate ético en curso sobre el valor económico del cuerpo humano y si las personas tienen o no un derecho inherente a vender sus propios órganos. La mayoría de los países democráticos consideran el derecho ético implícito de que todos pueden decidir qué le sucede a su cuerpo después de la muerte. Sin embargo, el daño potencial del comercio ilegal supera los derechos individuales, por lo que el tráfico de órganos no está permitido en la mayoría de los países.
Uno de los principales argumentos a favor del comercio legalizado y controlado es que aumentaría la cantidad de órganos disponibles para trasplantes. Pero es cuestionable si esta legalización alentaría a más personas a donar sus órganos o directamente derivaría en la explotación financiera. En algunos casos, la decisión no puede considerarse verdaderamente voluntaria y, por lo tanto, el gobierno debe proteger a las poblaciones sometidas al comercio ilegal por medio de medidas prohibitivas.
El único país del mundo con venta legal de órganos
Actualmente, Irán es la única nación del mundo que permite la compraventa de un órgano entre personas físicas, sin la intermediación de un hospital o un sistema de salud. Sin embargo, esto solo se limita a riñones con precios que oscilan entre 2,000 y 4,000 dólares. La razón de esta situación es la falta de infraestructura para mantener un sistema de trasplantes eficiente. A principios de los años 80 se recurrió a esta opción desesperada.
Un punto importante es que, en un intento por limitar el turismo de trasplantes, este mercado está contenido solamente a un nivel nacional. Lo que significa que los extranjeros no pueden acceder a él. La legislación iraní requiere, además, que el trasplante se ejecute entre personas de la misma nacionalidad, excluyendo a refugiados u otros casos.
Los defensores del comercio legalizado elogian el sistema iraní como un ejemplo de modelo eficaz y seguro, pero no hay evidencia de que se pueda replicar a otros países en un futuro próximo. Especialmente por el hecho de que más del 70% de los donantes se encuentran en situación de precariedad económica y que no existe un seguimiento médico a corto o largo plazo.
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