En la investigación científica, muchos fenómenos, leyes y compuestos se descubren por casualidad, tratando de probar hipótesis que, en ocasiones, nada tienen que ver con el hallazgo. En el caso del daltonismo, se identificó y describió por primera vez en 1794, en un ensayo del químico y naturalista autodidacta John Dalton, quien padecía esta alteración visual.
El momento en que John Dalton se hace consciente de su padecimiento
Dalton pertenecía a la Sociedad Religiosa de los Amigos, conocidos como cuáqueros, de inclinación cristiano protestante fundada en Inglaterra. Las creencias de esta comunidad se fundamentan en principios de modestia, austeridad, rigor moral y condena del lujo.
Bajo estos preceptos, John Dalton desarrolló su carrera en la ciencia de forma autodidacta. Una de sus aportaciones más importantes es el modelo atómico, que otros científicos desarrollaron más tarde hasta la composición de partículas que conocemos hoy.
Su profunda disciplina al dogma en su estilo de vida, incluyendo la indumentaria, generó en algún momento varias preguntas en su entorno por vestir con telas insólitamente estridentes. Pensando que eran grises y en un contexto en que precisamente estudiaba las flores, Dalton descubrió que no era capaz de distinguir algunos colores.

Fuente de la imagen: Quien.net
Las investigaciones de Dalton y la donación de sus ojos a la ciencia
Las particularidades del daltonismo están perfectamente identificadas actualmente, pero a finales del siglo XVIII no era una ciencia tan explorada. Todo lo que John Dalton podía especular a partir de su descubrimiento se basaba en las leyes físicas de la óptica descritas décadas antes por Thomas Young en su teoría tricromática.
Las hipótesis de Dalton giraban en torno a un defecto en la masa gelatinosa entre el cristalino y la retina de sus ojos, que suponía de color azul, filtrando así los tonos rojos. A diferencia de los casos sin el padecimiento, que es transparente. Pero para comprobar su teoría debía perforar su ojo y tomar una muestra de la sustancia, algo prácticamente imposible.
Sin más opciones de estudio, decidió que esa era la única forma de confirmar o desmentir sus conjeturas. Por lo que dispuso en su testamento la orden de extraer sus ojos después de su muerte. John Dalton murió cincuenta años después de identificar su daltonismo, el 27 de julio de 1844 a los 78 años.
Un día después se analizó la masa de humor vítreo de sus ojos y se comprobó que era transparente. Descartada su teoría, la siguiente que exploró su médico de cabecera se enfocó en el nervio óptico y entregó los ojos del químico a la Sociedad Filosófica y Literaria de Manchester.
La explicación científica del daltonismo
Tras años de avance científico y más investigaciones, hoy se conoce perfectamente a qué se debe el daltonismo.
Se le llama también discromatopsia y es un defecto congénito. Su raíz se encuentra en los fotorreceptores responsables de la visión, los bastones y los conos.
Mientras que los primeros permiten ver en condiciones de poca luz y no proporcionan información sobre el color, los segundos funcionan con luz abundante y la dividen en azul, verde y rojo. Las personas con daltonismo carecen de uno de los tres tipos de conos, por lo que no pueden distinguir algunos colores.
Existe una forma de daltonismo más severa en la que el paciente no tiene ninguno de los tres conos, son acrómatas, por lo que no ven colores en absoluto.
Al tratarse de un padecimiento congénito, el daltonismo es hereditario y se transmite por un alelo recesivo ligado al cromosoma X. En caso de los hombres, basta con que hereden un cromosoma X defectuoso para presentar daltonismo. A diferencia de las mujeres, que necesitan los dos para desarrollarlo. Esto es bastante improbable y es por ello que el daltonismo afecta más en la población masculina, aunque las mujeres portadoras pueden heredarlo.
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