Según la Real Academia Española, la palabra «español» proviene del término provenzal espaignol, que a su vez se deriva del latín medieval hispaniolus, «de Hispania», o sea, España. Como el resto de lenguas romances, tiene una larga historia enriquecida por la expansión del idioma alrededor del mundo durante los siglos de oro de la colonización. Este largo recorrido lo convirtió en uno de los lenguajes más hablados del planeta, solo detrás del inglés, el chino y el hindi. Aunque los dos últimos casos se deban al volumen poblacional de China y la India.
La pluralidad cultural que fue adquiriendo el español a lo largo del tiempo, recibiendo influencia masiva de otras lenguas y civilizaciones colindantes, derivó en una serie de singularidades que no se dan en otros idiomas. Mucho más allá que la existencia de la letra «ñ».
El español se habla en los seis continentes
Se sabe que es una de las lenguas más extendidas del mundo, pero cuesta imaginar que se hable en los seis continentes. Así es. En Europa, evidentemente en España. En América, en los países de Centro y Sudamérica excepto Brasil. Aunque hay muchos brasileños que lo utilizan como segundo idioma.
En Asia, en Filipinas. En África, en las ciudades autónomas de Ceuta y Melilla, que pertenecen a España, pero también en Guinea Ecuatorial y en el Sáhara Occidental. En Oceanía, en la chilena isla de Pascua y en la Polinesia. Y en la Antártida, curiosamente, se habla en una localidad argentina llamada Fortín Sargento Cabral y en otra chilena, llamada Villa La Estrella.
El mayor número de hispanohablantes del mundo
Habiendo visto hasta dónde llega el español, cabría preguntarse en qué parte del mundo hay más hispanohablantes. Pues bien, evidentemente esto depende más de la densidad de población que de la lengua misma, por lo que España con poco más de 45 millones de habitantes, está descartado.
Por el momento México es el país con más usuarios de español debido a su población superior a 120 millones de habitantes. Aunque según algunos estudios, la tendencia indica que para el año 2050 Estados Unidos superará estas cifras debido al rápido crecimiento de demografía hispanohablante.
De dónde viene la «ñ»
La «ñ» es un distintivo inequívoco del español, tanto que se usó incluso como símbolo en el deporte y otras disciplinas. Pero lo cierto es que también existe en otros idiomas, aunque no de forma tan representativa.
Esta curiosa consonante proviene de otro grafema compuesto por una «n» normal que presentaba a su vez una «n» más pequeña sobre ella. Esta última se fue simplificando con el tiempo hasta convertirse en la forma actual, la virgulilla.
Además del español, la «ñ» se encuentra en otros idiomas de la península Ibérica como el gallego o el euskera. En el tagalo de Filipinas y ciertas lenguas prehispánicas.
Palabras de récord del español
Adentrándonos en la semántica y la morfología, el español tiene un sinfín de curiosidades y rarezas.
Por ejemplo, las letras más utilizadas son la «e», la «a», la «o», la «l» y la «s». En contraposición de la «w», que es la menos. Desde 1994, la RAE eliminó la «ch» y la «ll» del diccionario. Todos los números en español contienen las vocales «e» y «o», excepto «mil». El número «cinco» tiene cinco letras, coincidencia que no sucede en ningún otro idioma.
Existen palabras con las cinco vocales como «meticulosa», «educación», «murciélago» y «ayuntamiento». Incluso palabras con las cinco vocales dos veces, como «guineoecuatorial». Palabras con cuatro consonantes seguidas como «substraer», «abstraer», «abstracto» y «transplantar». Palíndromos, que se leen igual de izquierda a derecha y de derecha a izquierda, como «reconocer». Vocablos que contienen letras en su orden alfabético, como «estuve» («stuv»). Palabras con tres letras, tres vocales y tres sílabas, como «oía». Y no hablar de expresiones sintácticamente correctas, pero demasiado intrincadas, como «me voy a ir yendo», que conjuga el verbo «ir» de tres formas distintas.
Después de todo, el español, con sus más de 88,000 palabras declaradas por la RAE, es uno de los idiomas más ricos y valiosos. De hecho, un estudio cifró su valor económico en España en un 15.6% del PIB del país. Aunque lo más importante es su valor histórico, su extensísimo legado literario y su capacidad de comunicar a más de 500 millones de habitantes en todo el mundo.
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