En la antigüedad, Esparta era una poderosa ciudad-estado Griega con una famosa tradición militar. Alcanzó el apogeo de su poder en 404 a. C. después de una victoria contra Atenas en la segunda guerra del Peloponeso. Justo en esta época de éxito es cuando los famosos guerreros espartanos eran más que suficientes para defender la metrópolis sin necesidad de levantar murallas. Sin embargo, en unas pocas décadas, después de una derrota contra los tebanos, la ciudad se vio reducida a un «poder de segunda categoría», un estado del que nunca se recuperó.
La destreza y la valentía de los guerreros de Esparta ha inspirado al mundo occidental durante milenios e, incluso en el siglo XXI, se incorporaron a la cultura popular de Hollywood como 300 y la serie futurista de videojuegos Halo (donde se encuentra un grupo de super soldados llamado «espartanos»).
No obstante, la historia de la vida real de la ciudad es más complicada de lo que parece ser en la mitología popular. La tarea de discernir entre realidad y mito se ha hecho cada vez más difícil porque muchos de los relatos antiguos fueron escritos por personas ajenas a su cultura. Como tal, deben tomarse con la objetividad adecuada.
La sociedad espartana
Esparta, también conocida como Lacedaemon, se conformaba a nivel poblacional por 3 grandes grupos. Los espartanos eran los ciudadanos de pleno derecho; los Helots o esclavos se dedicaban a servir a la ciudad y los Perioeci, cuya función era trabajar como artesanos o comerciantes, construyendo armas para los espartanos.
Todos los ciudadanos espartanos varones sanos participaban en el sistema educativo obligatorio patrocinado por el estado. Se llamaba el Agoge, que enfatizaba la obediencia, resistencia, coraje y autocontrol en igualdad de importancia.
Los hombres espartanos dedicaban sus vidas al servicio militar y vivían comunalmente hasta la edad adulta. La lealtad al estado era primordial y prioritaria a todo lo demás, incluida la familia.
Los Helots, cuyo nombre significa «cautivos», eran compañeros griegos originarios de Laconia y Messenia, que habían sido conquistados por los espartanos y convertidos en esclavos. Los espartanos deben su estilo de vida a los Helots, ya que se encargaban de todas las tareas cotidianas y de la mano de obra requerida para mantener la sociedad en funcionamiento. Eran granjeros, sirvientes domésticos, enfermeros y asistentes militares.
Los espartanos eran inferiores en número ante los Helots. A menudo los humillaban o los trataban brutal y opresivamente en un esfuerzo por evitar levantamientos ó revueltas. Los métodos de maltrato podrían haber sido más extremos, por ejemplo, al espartano promedio se le permitía matar Helots por ser demasiado inteligentes, entre otras razones.
La milicia en Esparta
A diferencia de ciudades-estado griegas como Atenas, que contaba con centros de artes, aprendizaje y filosofía, Esparta se centró en una cultura guerrera. A los ciudadanos espartanos masculinos solo se les permitía una ocupación, ser soldados. El adoctrinamiento en este estilo de vida comenzaba a una edad muy temprana.
Los niños espartanos comenzaban su entrenamiento militar a los 7 años y eran arrebatados de los brazos de sus padres para entrar en el Agoge. Ahí vivían en comunidad bajo condiciones austeras y eran sometidos a continuas competiciones físicas que involucraban violencia la mayoría de las veces. Se les daba raciones escasas de comida con el fin de que se volvíeran hábiles para conseguir alimento, entre otras muchas destrezas de supervivencia.
Los adolescentes que demostraban mayor potencial de liderazgo eran seleccionados para participar en la Crypteia. Esta era una fuerza de policía secreta cuyo objetivo principal era la obtención de información importante para la estrategía militar, así como aterrorizar a la población general de Helot y asesinar a aquellos que causaban alboroto. A los 20 años, los varones espartanos se convertían en soldados a tiempo completo y permanecían en servicio activo hasta cumplir 60 años.
La constante excelencia y disciplina militar de los espartanos los convirtió en expertos del antiguo estilo griego de lucha en formación falange. En la versión perfeccionada de ésta, el ejército trabajaba como unidad, haciendo una formación cercana y profunda. Hacían maniobras masivas coordinadas y no había ningún soldado superior a otro.
Al ir a la batalla, los soldados vestían un gran casco de bronce, peto y tobilleras. En un brazo llevaban un escudo redondo hecho de bronce y madera; en el otro, una lanza y una espada. Uno de los elementos más identificativos de su atuendo eran las capas rojas.
Mujeres espartanas y matrimonio
Las mujeres espartanas eran bastante independientes y disfrutaban de más libertades y poder que sus contrapartes en toda la antigua Grecia. Si bien no desempeñaban ningún papel en el ejército, las mujeres espartanas a menudo recibían una educación formal en parte para atraer a los hombres. Participaban en competiciones deportivas, incluyendo lanzamiento de jabalina y lucha libre. También tenían competencia en canto y baile. Como adultas, las mujeres espartanas tenían la posesión y administración de propiedades a su cargo. Además, por lo general no tenían responsabilidades domésticas como sí ocurría en otras culturas contemporáneas, ya que los Helots se ocupaban de dichas tareas.
El matrimonio era importante para los espartanos. El estado presionaba a las personas para que tuvieran hijos varones que más tarde se convertirían en ciudadanos guerreros y reemplazarían a los muertos en batalla. Los hombres que retrasaban el matrimonio a menudo eran avergonzados públicamente, mientras que aquellos que engendraban múltiples hijos recibían buenas recompensas.
En preparación para el matrimonio, las mujeres espartanas se afeitaban la cabeza y mantenían el pelo corto después de casarse. Las parejas casadas generalmente vivían separadas, ya que a los hombres menores de 30 años se les requería continuar residiendo en las barracas comunales. Eso no los detenía para ver a sus esposas durante este tiempo y era habitual que se escabulleran de vez en cuando.
El fin de la estirpe de Esparta
En el año 371 a. C., Esparta sufrió una derrota catastrófica a manos de los tebanos en la batalla de Leuctra. Posterior a este acontecimiento, Tebas dirigió una invasión al territorio espartano y supervisó la liberación de los Helots mesenios. Al final, los espartanos siguieron existiendo como una potencia de segunda categoría y nunca pudieron recuperarse del conflicto. Fue un periodo de declive bastante largo y doloroso.
Así como la mayoría de civilizaciones que han impactado a lo largo de la historia, Esparta vio su final no sin antes dejarnos un sinfín de enseñanzas y aprendizajes. Un legado de filosofía perfeccionista y combatiente, de valores regios y determinantes. Han pasado más de dos mil años y Esparta todavía es considerada como la mejor fuerza militar de todos los tiempos.
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