Antes y durante la II Guerra Mundial, los nazis tenían dos objetivos muy claros: aumentar el apoyo popular a la dictadura de Hitler y reforzar la creencia férrea en la ideología nacionalsocialista. Para cumplir estos propósitos, intentaron controlar todas las formas posibles de comunicación a través de la censura y la propaganda nazi. Esto incluyó el dominio minucioso de periódicos, revistas, libros, arte, teatro, música, películas y radio.
Desde un punto de vista histórico y analista, la estrategia de comunicación del Partido Nazi durante su despliegue a mitad del siglo XX fue uno de sus movimientos más efectivos en relación a sus metas políticas. Y una de las veces en que la propaganda tuvo más peso en los acontecimientos de la era moderna.
Los nazis ascendieron al poder en 1933, momento en que la constitución alemana garantizaba la libertad de expresión y de prensa. Mediante decretos y leyes, el partido ario abolió estos derechos civiles, destruyendo así la democracia. A partir de 1934, era ilegal criticar al gobierno nazi y la más mínima mención negativa se consideraba traición. Algunas de las medidas más restrictivas fueron:
- Revisar y controlar diariamente las noticias de todos los periódicos y programas de radio.
- Cerrar o destruir las empresas de medios de oposición.
- Prohibir y quemar libros clasificados como «no alemanes». Se consideraba un crimen poseer cualquier ejemplar que se saliera de los parámetros marcados.
- Inspeccionar lo que los propios soldados del ejército nazi escribían a sus familias durante la II Guerra Mundial.
El uso de la propaganda nazi
Uno de los factores más importantes que permitieron el ascenso de los nazis durante su apogeo fue la propaganda política. A partir de marzo de 1933, el régimen intentó centralizar sus esfuerzos de comunicación en una nueva dependencia, creada y dirigida por Joseph Goebbels. Este departamento se llamó Ministerio de Ilustración y Propaganda del Reich y trabajó concienzudamente en difundir su doctrina e ideología. Los mensajes que construyeron durante su campaña contaban con algunos de los siguientes elementos:
- Glorificar y divinizar a Adolf Hitler, usando su imagen en postales, carteles y en la prensa, para inspirar a la población y a sus tropas.
- Difundir imágenes e ideas negativas sobre los judíos en revistas, películas, dibujos animados y otros medios, con el fin de generar odio y repulsión.
- Promover que las radios fuesen más asequibles y accesibles para que más alemanes puedan escuchar los mensajes e ideas retransmitidas.
- Difundir discursos nazis una y otra vez por radio y altavoces públicos.
- Organizar grandes manifestaciones de celebración del Partido Nazi, así como reuniones y fiestas privadas para los altos miembros.
- Creación de grupos afiliados, como las Juventudes Hitlerianas y la Liga de Chicas Alemanas, que fomentaban la perpetuidad del pensamiento del partido.
El trabajo conjunto entre la propaganda y la censura
Los libros de texto son un buen ejemplo de cómo la propaganda y la censura trabajaron juntas para conseguir las metas del tercer reich. Los censores nazis eliminaron todos los libros de texto de las aulas y los adaptaron a la nueva doctrina impuesta.
Estrategias de la propaganda nazi que cambiaron la historia
10 de mayo de 1933, la quema de libros «no alemanes»
Durante la primavera de 1933, las organizaciones de estudiantes universitarios, profesores y bibliotecarios nazis elaboraron largas listas de libros que catalogaron como «no alemanes». Entre ellos se incluían obras de autores judíos, descripciones de una Alemania diferente y cualquiera que mencionase o tuviera en cuenta ideologías contrarias al partido.
La noche del 10 de mayo de 1933, toda la bibliografía marcada se quemó en un evento casi ceremonial. En total, se destruyeron más de 25,000 libros, algunos de ellos copias únicas e invaluables.
28 de marzo de 1935, el estreno de la película Triumph of the Will
La película de propaganda de Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will, se estrenó en Berlín con un único objetivo de difundir una imagen de victoria asociada al nazismo. Muestra imágenes tomadas en el Rally del Partido Nazi de 1934 en Nuremberg, multitudes sonrientes, vítores, tropas uniformadas, desfiles militares y un discurso de Adolf Hitler.
Triumph of the Will se convertiría posteriormente en una de las películas de propaganda nazi más infames y manipuladoras de toda la historia de la humanidad.
Septiembre de 1939, la prohibición de escuchar radio extranjera
La II Guerra Mundial comenzó el 1 de septiembre de 1939. Poco después, el régimen nazi declaró ilegal escuchar transmisiones de emisoras de radio extranjeras con el fin de controlar la información externa que llegaba a los ciudadanos.
El partido veía las noticias y la prensa exterior como una amenaza directa a la seguridad nacional. Más tarde, avanzada la guerra, el acto pasó a convertirse en delito penado con la muerte.
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