Durante nada menos que 13 años de ley seca estuvo terminantemente prohibida la manufactura, la venta y el transporte de bebidas alcohólicas en Estados Unidos. Una medida que entró en vigencia el 17 de enero de 1920, a través de la Enmienda 18 de la Constitución del país norteamericano. Y se derogó el 6 de diciembre de 1933, con la Enmienda 21.
El movimiento por la moderación y el control que derivó en esta restricción no ocurrió solamente en este país. También en otras naciones europeas, como Noruega, Finlandia y Suecia. Pero sí fue Estados Unidos quien la mantuvo durante mucho más tiempo.
Como consecuencia, el estado que lideraba entonces como la democracia más vigorosa y emprendedora de todo el mundo, cayó calamitosamente en el aumento imparable del crimen orgaizado y la corrupción.
El origen de la ley seca
El hecho de que un país de más de cien millones de habitantes llevara a cabo un experimento como el que fue entonces la ley seca, es motivo de análisis y fascinación. Teniendo en cuenta el vanguardismo político, social y económico de Estados Unidos a principios del siglo XX, resulta muy extraño que se prestara, unánimemente, a firmar por ley una restricción que afectara a todo el conjunto de sus habitantes. Más aún una prohibición de estas características.
Como pasa habitualmente a lo largo de la historia, las transformaciones que experimentó Estados Unidos en aquella época suscitó el rechazo y el repudio de los más conservadores. Las primeras consecuencias de la I Guerra Mundial, además, trajeron consigo la llegada de inmigrantes europeos, católicos y judíos. Personas con ideales progresistas y revolucionarias que se establecieron en las grandes capitales de la costa este, como Filadelfia, Nueva York y Boston. Al mismo tiempo, el país comenzó a desarrollar su enorme potencial industrial, derivado también del conflicto bélico en Europa. Estableciendo ciudades como Detroit y Chicago como las grandes manufactureras nacionales.
Este aluvión de cambios, evolución, progreso y apertura económica, social e incluso religiosa, despertó el recelo de las poblaciones rurales estadounidenses más conservadoras. Bajo un punto de vista muy tradicionalista, asociaban al extranjero con la delincuencia y comenzaron a vincularse con los antiguos valores WASP, «blanco, anglosajón y protestante». De esta manera, enfrentaron el desarrollo de Estados Unidos bajo ideales de racismo, xenofobia, fundamentalismo protestante y supremacismo. Estos movimientos terminaron por vincularse con las tendencias violentas que tomaron fuerza durante la época de apogeo del Ku Klux Klan.
La oposición al consumo de alcohol
Fue entonces, en este contexto de convulsa social, donde los llamados saloons (bares y tabernas) comenzaron a relacionarse con el vicio, la delincuencia y los «malos hábitos». Estos lugares muchas veces funcionaban como club social y centro de reunión de los trabajadores inmigrantes, a veces incluso reuniones políticas y también prostíbulos. Todo ello enalteció, si cabe, la aversión de las comunidades conservadoras hacia estos espacios.
Este conjunto de circunstancias, que no hacían más que alimentarse a sí mismas con el paso del tiempo, dio lugar al crecimiento del Movimiento por la Templanza liderado principalmente por mujeres. Resulta que las esposas de quienes asistían a estos saloons comenzaron a conceptualizar el alcohol como un elemento negativo en su relación conyugal y en la estabilidad del hogar y la familia. Dada la mala fama de los establecimientos entre la parte tradicionalista de la sociedad, quienes los veían como foco de inmoralidad y crimen, asociaciones en contra de estas prácticas apoyaron al movimiento. Así como las partes fundamentalistas mencionadas líneas arriba.
En resumidas cuentas, el consumo de alcohol en estos centros de reunión era mal visto por las comunidades conservadoras, quienes lo asociaban a los inmigrantes extranjeros y a su vez con el vicio, el crimen y la depravación. Aunado todo ello a los signos de progreso que habían llegado al país, absolutamente contrarios a sus creencias más arraigadas.
El Movimiento por la Templanza y la firma de la Enmienda 18
El Movimiento por la Templanza existía bastante tiempo atrás, buscando inicialmente la moderación en el beber y el comer. Con el paso del tiempo, su causa fue deformándose hasta la prohibición total del consumo del alcohol y la condena de todo lo relacionado con éste.
Durante el siglo XIX varias figuras representativas del entorno religioso protestante se vincularon con este movimiento, culpando al alcohol de diversos problemas sociales de la época.
La llegada de inmigrantes europeos, especialmente irlandeses, alemanes, polacos e italianos, introdujo en Estados Unidos nuevas formas de consumo de alcohol. Nuevos preceptos y costumbres más tolerantes hacia esta bebida e incluso ayudaron a que la cerveza desplazase al wishkey como elixir habitual.
Mientras los ideales del Movimiento por la Templanza adquirían más seguidores alrededor de todo el país, varios intelectuales liberales y progresistas se unieron también a la causa. Dejando de lado el halo conservador que había envuelto a la corriente, decidieron apoyarla al condenar el alcohol como motivo de atraso, retroceso y pobreza.
Este conjunto de situaciones inéditas en Estados Unidos llevaron finalmente a la aprobación dos enmiendas en la Constitución en 1920. La número 18, que prohibía la destilación y comercialización del alcohol. Y la 19, que concedía el voto a la mujer. Aunque este segundo punto está estrechamente relacionado con las circunstancias históricas de la época, merece por sí mismo un artículo completo para desarrollar su contexto. Pues significó uno de los grandes triunfos del feminismo sufragista estadounidense desde la década de 1860.
La era del contrabando y el alcohol clandestino
Una vez comprendidas las situaciones que llevaron a poner en vigencia la ley seca en Estados Unidos, es debido comprender las consecuencias más inmediatas.
La gran prohibición derivó en la retirada de todos los alcoholes, desde vino y cerveza hasta los destilados de más graduación. Solamente quedaría exento el vino litúrgico por razones obvias. Pero pronto comenzaron a surgir los problemas subsecuentes a esta drástica decisión.
Por un lado, el obstáculo geopolítico económico. Ya que Estados Unidos importaba grandes cantidades de alcohol producido en sus países vecinos. De Canadá importaba whiskey, de México tequila y mezcal. Y de las islas del Caribe, ron de caña.
Fue entonces cuando comenzó de manera casi natural el contrabando, la producción ilegal y la importación clandestina, algo relativamente fácil teniendo en cuenta la proximidad y los bajos costes. Los pocos recursos que requería el negocio, junto con la enorme demanda que esperaba ansiosa unas cuantas gotas del elixir, hicieron las delicias de las bandas organizadas especializadas en estos asuntos.
Pese a la ilegalidad, la sociedad exigía consumir alcohol a toda costa. Tanto que Nueva York pasó de contar 15,000 tabernas a 32,000 bares clandestinos poco después de la firma de la ley.
El aumento del crimen organizado y la violencia entre bandas
La evolución lógica a este negocio encubierto fue también el aumento de oferta, que derivó rápidamente en la rivalidad y la competencia y los conflictos por el control de los territorios.
Chicago y Nueva York se convirtieron en los centros de distribución de alcohol más importantes. Donde pronto tomaron relevancia las agrupaciones entre italianos, judíos e irlandeses. El contrabando se convirtió poco a poco en un nuevo concepto empresarial y surgió lo que la prensa denominó «el sindicato del crimen». Cualquier conflicto entre estos empresarios se resolvía con violencia, conflictos y ajustes de cuentas. Llegando a un punto de brutalidad descontrolada que llenaba portadas en los medios por la impunidad y la falta de intervención del gobierno.
Bandas como la de Capone lograron tejer poderosas redes en buena parte del país, y la corrupción se volvió una constante al manejar grandísimas cantidades de dinero.
La abolición de la ley seca
A partir de 1927 se hizo patente el estrepitoso fracaso de la ley seca, una verdad difícil de admitir tanto por la política como por la misma sociedad. Las elecciones presidenciales del siguiente año, sin embargo, las ganó Herbert Hoover, quien mantuvo la ley en vigencia por temor a perder capital político en pro del alcohol.
Por aquel entonces se les llamaba wet, «húmedos», a los opositores a la restricción. Y fue bajo ese sobrenombre que Franklin Roosevelt, gobernador de Nueva York, ganó las elecciones de 1932 por una abrumadora mayoría.
En el mes de marzo de 1933 legalizó la cerveza y el vino. El 6 de diciembre firmó finalmente la enmienda número 21 que anuló la 18. E instauró la paga de impuestos sobre el alcohol que trajo consigo un aumento sustancial de los recursos del gobierno, quien luchaba entonces contra la Gran Depresión.
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Kelvin Kaemingk has over two decades of helping people make smarter decisions regarding their mortgage and money decisions. He began his career in financial planning and migrated into the mortgage space in 2002. He is passionate and committed to helping people throughout their lives, make the best financial decisions for themselves and their families. As a father of three, and now Papa K (grandpa) to one, a team builder and recruiter, Kelvin thrives on helping others realize their potential, often referenced as “Everyone’s biggest fan”. Kelvin Kaemingk is the Area Manager for loanDepot and Co-Host of the Real Estate Chalk Talk radio program based in the Minneapolis – St. Paul area. Kelvin Kaemingk, NMLS 251124 | Branch NMLS 1139048
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