Aunque las fases lunares siempre han tenido un vínculo muy estrecho con la mitología, las creencias y las tradiciones, en este artículo nos abocaremos en el aspecto puramente científico de los tipos de Luna llena.
La Luna llena, o plenilunio, es un fenómeno lunar que sucede cuando la Tierra se encuentra exactamente entre el Sol y el satélite. El ángulo y la ubicación de los tres cuerpos permite que la iluminación hacia la cara visible de la Luna sea del 100%. En estas condiciones es posible observar los accidentes geológicos sobre la superficie del astro, como cráteres o formaciones rocosas.
La Luna completa su órbita alrededor de la Tierra en 27.322 días, periodo que se conoce como mes sideral. Sin embargo, el movimiento de traslación de la Tierra alrededor del Sol influye en estos tiempos, agregando aproximadamente dos días más para que los tres cuerpos vuelvan a encontrarse en la misma posición equidistante. Así, la etapa entre dos fases lunares iguales se denomina lunación, mes lunar o sinódico, y es de 29.531 días.
Atendiendo a estos ciclos, la Luna llena no siempre se muestra del mismo modo. Según el periodo del año y las características astronómicas del momento, puede presentar distintas apariencias fácilmente identificables. En algunas partes del mundo es habitual la asignación de nombres específicos a cada Luna llena del año. Sin embargo, aquí mencionaremos las más importantes y características del ciclo. Al menos, las más sorprendentes.
La Luna de Sangre
La Luna de Sangre probablemente sea el tipo de Luna llena más popular, sobre todo por su nombre un tanto dramático.
Sin tratarse de una nomenclatura literal, evidentemente, la Luna de Sangre hace referencia a aquellas Lunas llenas que se tornan en un color rojo o cobrizo. Ocurre durante los eclipses de luna en los que la Tierra se coloca entre el Sol y el satélite, y su atmósfera filtra los rayos azules y verdes de la luz emitida por la estrella. De esta manera, la roja es la única que llega a reflejarse en la Luna, dejándole ese color sangre entre el cielo nocturno.
La Luna azul
La Luna azul es un fenómeno menos conocido que los dos anteriores y, pese a lo que pudiera sugerir su nombre, no se trata de una Luna de color azul.
La característica principal de esta Luna llena es que es una fase extra dentro del mes sinódico, un segundo plenilunio en el mismo ciclo. Se produce aproximadamente cada dos años y medio y no tiene un aspecto diferente al de cualquier otra Luna llena.
La Superluna, la Luna llena más grande
Para entender el fenómeno de la Superluna hay que analizar primero su órbita, que realiza un trazado elíptico a diferencia de otros circulares. A lo largo de este recorrido, hay momentos en los que la Luna se encuentra más cerca de la Tierra, el perigeo, y otros en los que se encuentra más lejos, el apogeo.
Cuando se produce Luna llena durante el perigeo, el astro puede observarse entre un 10% y un 15% más grande de lo habitual, y con un brillo muy superior. Es entonces cuando sucede la Superluna.
La Luna de Cosecha, la luz de la Luna llena
A diferencia de los ejemplos anteriores, la Luna de Cosecha no es un fenómeno destacable dentro de las fases lunares ni presenta ninguna particularidad visual específica. Su importancia radica más en la influencia que tuvo en su momento en el estilo de vida de siglos pasados.
Se trata simplemente de la Luna llena de otoño, que antiguamente se usaba por los agricultores para iluminar las noches en ausencia de electricidad y así trabajar sus cosechas en el campo. En aquellos tiempos, esta Luna permitía laborar más horas durante el día y la noche, momento en que el cultivo requería más atención y cuidado.
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