Los elefantes africanos han evolucionado hacia el nacimiento de crías sin colmillos de marfil en un área donde se desarrolló una intensa caza furtiva durante años. Un estudio sobre los rasgos y la genética de los elefantes en Mozambique ha traído mucha preocupación a la comunidad científica. Los resultados, publicados el 21 de octubre del 2021 en la revista Science1, podrían tener implicaciones importantes para la recuperación de las poblaciones de la especie en el continente.
El comercio de marfil se utilizó para financiar la guerra civil de Mozambique desde finales de la década de 1970 hasta principios de la de 1990. La caza furtiva hizo que la población de elefantes en el Parque Nacional Gorongosa del país se desplomara en más del 90%. De más de 2,500 animales a unos 200 a principios de los 2000. Antes de la guerra, alrededor del 18,5% de las hembras no tenían colmillos por naturaleza, un rasgo que las hacía indeseables para los cazadores. Entre las 91 hembras elefantes que han nacido desde entonces, esa fracción ha aumentado al 33% y parece que seguirá creciendo.
El modelo matemático realizado por el biólogo evolutivo Shane Campbell-Staton, de la Universidad de Princeton en Nueva Jersey, ha confirmado que este cambio es el resultado de la presión de la caza. La matanza selectiva de elefantes con colmillos ha llevado al nacimiento de más crías sin ellos. Un salto evolutivo gigante y forzado al borde de la extinción.
La rápida evolución de los elefantes
Ya se había culpado a la caza anteriormente de provocar cambios rápidos en los animales. El tamaño de los cuernos del borrego cimarrón en Alberta, Canadá, por ejemplo, se redujo en un 20% durante 20 años de caza-trofeos. Se cree que la pesca ha reducido el tamaño de algunas especies de peces, con el fin de ser devueltos al mar.
Pero ha resultado difícil precisar exactamente qué está sucediendo genéticamente en estas poblaciones. Y es complicado desentrañar el daño de la presión evolutiva de la caza en comparación con otros factores ambientales, como el cambio climático. Si la caza causa cambios genéticos significativos en una pequeña población de animales, puede ser muy difícil restaurar los rasgos originales.
La investigación del ADN
Muchos investigadores del tema notaron que la falta de colmillos solo se observa en las elefantes hembras. Esto, y el patrón de herencia del rasgo, sugirieron que es causado por una mutación en el cromosoma X. Se buscó a través de los genomas de los elefantes con el fin de hallar regiones que difirieran entre aquellos con y sin colmillos y mostraron signos de presión de selección reciente. Identificaron dos posibles genes candidatos, llamadas AMELX y MEP1a. En las personas, se sabe que estos genes están relacionados con el crecimiento de los dientes incisivos, el equivalente humano de esos colmillos.
El trabajo determina una fuerte evidencia de que la caza ha provocado este cambio. Para los elefantes, la selección de hembras sin colmillos podría tener otros efectos colaterales. Al observar el ADN en las heces de los elefantes, los investigadores descubrieron que los animales con y sin colmillos comen diferentes plantas. Debido a que los elefantes son especies clave, los cambios en su dieta pueden cambiarlo todo. Y debido a que el rasgo solo se concentra en hembras, es probable que afecte a todos los machos ya que nacerán menos, y esto podría ralentizar la recuperación de la población a pesar de que la caza furtiva se haya detenido. La ausencia de colmillos puede ser una ventaja durante la guerra contra los cazadores, pero también tiene un precio.
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