A lo largo y ancho del planeta Tierra se despliegan un sinnúmero de ecosistemas, cada cual más representativo e inconfundible que el anterior. Desde paisajes áridos y extremadamente calientes, hasta húmedos y fértiles. En ellos, entre la botánica que crece y se desarrolla, existen muchas especies de árbol excepcionales y majestuosas. Algunas difíciles de encontrar y otras, definitivamente, difíciles de creer, hasta haberlas visto.
En este artículo conoceremos cinco especies de árbol que destacan por sus características singulares y sorprendentes. Proezas y peculiaridades de la naturaleza que nos hacen comprender este mundo como un lugar extraordinario.
El baobab
El baobab o adansonia es una especie de árbol dividida a su vez en ocho subespecies, que crece normalmente en la isla de Madagascar, en África continental y Australia. Su nombre científico se debe al botánico Michel Adanson, mientras que el término baobab proviene del árabe y significa «padre de muchas semillas».
Fuente de la imagen: Traveler
La variedad más alta de baobab es el adansonia grandidieri, originario de Madagascar. Puede alcanzar los 25 metros de altura y presenta un tronco liso y acilindrado. El aspecto de este árbol lo convierte en el centro de muchas creencias sagradas en las culturas autóctonas, incluso de leyendas mitológicas de su origen y creación.
El fruto del baobab está considerado superalimento por sus propiedades y valor nutricional ya que es rico en vitamina C, fibra, calcio, hierro y potasio.
El árbol dragón
Se le llama árbol dragón, árbol de la sangre de dragón o árbol drago de Socotra, aunque su nombre científico es dracaena cinnabari. Sus particulares características estéticas lo encumbran en el top de especies más extrañas del mundo.
Fuente de la imagen: Deagronomia.com
Puede alcanzar hasta 10 metros de altura y es en lo más alto de su copa donde se ramifica en forma de semiesfera. Las hojas crecen rígidas y verticales, cubriendo la parte superior de su estructura.
El árbol dragón crece en la isla de Socotra, entre el mar Arábigo y el golfo de Adén, en el océano Índico, frente a la costa del cuerno de África. El apelativo «sangre de dragón» se debe al color rojo intenso de su resina, que se utiliza frecuentemente en medicina tradicional y como elemento colorante. En la Antigüedad, la sustancia fue un preciado objeto de comercio por su escasez, ya que se recoge solo una vez al año.
El banyan o baniano indio
El banyan es un árbol endémico de India y Sri Lanka. Su mayor y más curiosa característica es la formación de sus raíces a partir de las ramas, visibles por encima de la tierra, que le permiten desplazarse o aumentar su tamaño en busca de mayor luz solar. Esto modifica y transforma su apariencia, convirtiéndolo en un árbol magnífico de proporciones inimaginables.
Fuente de la imagen: Actualidad Viajes
Uno de los ejemplares más impresionantes se encuentra cerca de Calcuta, en India. Se le llama el Gran Banyan, y crece desde hace más de 200 años en el Jardín Botánico de la ciudad de Howrah. Este baniano creció expandiéndose en forma circular en un área de 14,500 metros2, por lo que el Jardín Botánico es, en realidad, un solo árbol.
En el budismo e hinduísmo, el banyan es un árbol sagrado. Según las creencias de la doctrina, Buda alcanzó la iluminación sentado a la sombra de un baniano. Además, sus frutos se usaron en otros tiempos para paliar enfermedades como lepra y diabetes, entre otras.
El árbol más longevo, el pino bristlecone
El pino bristlecone, pino longevo o pinus longaeva es una de las especies más antiguas del mundo. Vive en las montañas del suroeste de los Estados Unidos, en Utah, Nevada y el este de California. A diferencia del resto de especies de este top, su característica principal no es estética, sino vital.
Fuente de la imagen: BBC
Uno de los ejemplares más importantes de esta especie es conocido como Matusalén, precisamente por su longevidad. Se cree que es el organismo vivo más antiguo de la Tierra y su localización no es pública para proteger su integridad por esas mismas razones.
Otra muestra recogida para la investigación fue bautizada con el nombre de Prometeo y se dató aproximadamente en el año 3037 a.C.
La secuoya
La secuoya o sequoia es el organismo vegetal más grande del planeta. Se encuentra en algunas zonas de Oregón y Alta California, en Estados Unidos, y su aspecto imponente y magnífico la convierten en uno de los árboles más impresionantes de la flora mundial.
Fuente de la imagen: BBC
Aunque se trata de una especie autóctona del norte de América, en el siglo XIX se introdujo de forma artificial en los paisajes europeos. Concretamente en algunas áreas de Andalucía y Cantabria en España.
La secuoya alcanza una altura promedio de 50 a 85 metros, y 5 a 7 metros de diámetro. Aunque en Estados Unidos se han encontrado algunas que superan los 100 metros de alto, 10 de diámetro, y 35 de profundidad en las raíces. El ejemplar más longevo conocido tiene una edad de más de 3,200 años, que pudo calcularse a partir de sus anillos de crecimiento.
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