La edición de junio de 1985 de la revista National Geographic abrió con una fotografía que dio la vuelta al mundo. La inocente y misteriosa mirada de una niña afgana retratada por el autor Steve McCurry en una de las capturas más impactantes y cautivadoras de la historia. Las casualidades y causalidades que llevaron a ese momento fueron muchas. Y no dejan de agregar hasta cierto halo de ascetismo a la escena. Habiendo traspasado fronteras prácticamente sin saberlo, aquella niña llamada Sharbat Gula volvió a posar para la revista veinte años después. Un reencuentro que desencadenó un documental y la fundación de una ONG de apoyo a las mujeres afganas en 2008.
La historia de este retrato, que cambió la vida de mucha gente, sigue siendo uno de los casos más influyentes en la historia de la fotografía. La evidencia de que una imagen a veces sí vale más que mil palabras.
La captura de la fotografía de la niña afgana
La imagen fue tomada en el mes de junio de 1984 durante la guerra de Afganistán en el campo de refugiados de Nasir Bagh, en Pakistán. Tal y como McCurry describió en su libro Untold: The Stories Behind The Photographs, el lugar era un espacio laberíntico de tiendas de campaña desordenadas caóticamente entre las que llamó su atención una niña afgana de 12 años.
Después de presentarse con ella como fotoperiodista y proponerle hacerle un retrato, la niña aceptó y tuvo lugar la mística imagen. En ella, el autor describe una mirada inocente e infantil, cargada de misterio y desconfianza. La niña nunca había sido fotografiada antes, y él era un extraño para ella, por lo que eran normales sus gestos de aprensión ante tal situación y más aún en un contexto de guerra.
En el libro, McCurry explica que la selección de la fotografía pudo haber sido otra muy distinta. Inicialmente se había considerado otra en que la niña salía en un primerísimo primer plano ocultándose la cara, dejando ver solamente sus ojos con el mismo misterio. Sin embargo, un cambio de última hora con el director de la revista provocó que la foto que todos conocemos fuera la portada definitiva.
Tras dar la vuelta al mundo, la imagen se convirtió en un símbolo de crítica social en defensa de las víctimas y los refugiados de los conflictos armados. Un icono que todavía hoy tiene mucho peso en el activismo y la lucha por la paz.
Sharbat Gula veinte años después
Dos décadas después, National Geographic financió una expedición para buscar a la protagonista de una de sus portadas más memorables. Steve McCurry pudo reencontrarse con Sharbat Gula y volver a fotografiarla para repetir de nuevo la historia. Fue en ese momento cuando ella vio por primera vez su propio retrato y pudo conocerse su nombre y su edad, además de lo que había sido su vida durante ese tiempo.
El reencuentro inspiró un documental para televisión y DVD y National Geographic creó una fundación de ayuda para mujeres afganas bajo el nombre Afghan Girls Fund.
Poco tiempo después de la captura de la fotografía de la niña afgana en 1985, Sharbat se casó con su actual marido y regresó a un poblado de Afganistán donde tuvo tres hijos. En aquel momento jamás podría imaginar la trascendencia que su imagen tendría en el mundo y el legado que dejó su mirada en la historia de la humanidad.
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