El autogiro, también conocido como girocóptero, es un tipo de aeronave precursora del helicóptero que utiliza un rotor sin energía para desarrollar la sustentación. La energía necesaria para moverlo se produce de manera independiente, mediante una hélice accionada por motor. Si bien es similar a un rotor de helicóptero en apariencia, el del autogiro debe tener aire fluyendo a través del disco para generar rotación. La nave fue inventada en 1923 por el ingeniero español Juan de la Cierva, en un intento de crear un avión que pudiera volar de forma segura a bajas velocidades.
Juan de la Cierva fue un ingeniero y entusiasta aeronáutico que en 1921 participó en un concurso para desarrollar un bombardero para el ejército nacional. Diseñó un avión de tres motores, pero durante un vuelo de prueba temprano, la aeronave se estrelló desastrosamente. Preocupado por el resultado de su arduo trabajo, prometió crear un avión que pudiera volar de manera segura a bajas velocidades.
El resultado fue el autogiro, presentado en 1923. A diferencia de un helicóptero, el motor que utiliza impulsa una hélice trasera que empuja el girocóptero hacia adelante. A medida que se mueve, el aire pasa naturalmente a través de las hélices, creando sustentación.
La evolución del autogiro
Algunos años después, en 1929, la fama de Juan de la Cierva cruzó el océano Atlántico. Se vinculó con el fabricante estadounidense Pitcairn Aircraft Company y dio lugar a la Pitcairn-Cierva Autogiro Company of America. En cuestión de días, se encontró combinando reuniones matutinas con personalidades como Henry Ford con largas noches de insomnio y trabajo. Fruto de su éxito, la tecnología del despegue vertical y otros inventos fueron protegidos mediante patentes.
La reputación del autogiro creció en paralelo con el nombre de De la Cierva. Con el lanzamiento de su nuevo modelo, alcanzó un nuevo pico de popularidad en todo el mundo. La estructura exterior del autogiro destacaba por la ausencia de alas, mientras que la estrella del interior era el mando directo. Una sola palanca hizo posible controlar y mover el rotor en cualquier dirección. Con este diseño se produjeron en serie hasta 160 autogiros que se exportaron a varios países.
Además de éste, hubo otros proyectos derivados que, a pesar de no alcanzar el éxito que merecían, dejaron huella en la historia de la aviación. Uno es el modelo PA-19 de 1934, el primer autogiro de cabina cerrada diseñado para fines sanitarios, con capacidad para cuatro pasajeros y una camilla.
El legado de Juan de la Cierva
El 9 de diciembre de 1936, Juan de la Cierva era pasajero de un avión de KLM en el aeropuerto de Croydon (Reino Unido), programado para volar de Londres a Ámsterdam. Una colisión fatal en la pista de despegue causó la muerte inmediata del ingeniero, dejando inconcluso un importante legado para la ciencia.
Después del accidente, se produjeron nuevos modelos de autogiro como el C.40 en el mismo año. Sin embargo, la II Guerra Mundial precipitó la fabricación del modelo en favor del helicóptero, la nueva propuesta. Aun así, la influencia del invento de Juan de la Cierva es innegable. Incluso Igor Sikorksy, el padre del helicóptero moderno, utilizó en varias ocasiones las patentes del ingeniero español. Gracias a ello, la Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation evitó verse afectada por la decisión Lane, que en 1967 condenó al Gobierno estadounidense a indemnizar a la Autogiro Company of America y por infracción de patente al adquirir helicópteros fabricados sin pago de licencias.
Juan de la Cierva fue un visionario de altos vuelos cuya contribución trascendió los límites de la ciencia. Sin él, la aeronáutica hubiera tardado varias décadas en avanzar tecnologicamente.
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