El origen del anime se remonta al nacimiento de la industria cinematográfica japonesa a principios del siglo XX y se ha convertido en una de las principales fuerzas culturales de Japón. Gran parte del trabajo realizado en estos primeros años no fue la técnica de animación que se conoce actualmente, sino una serie de otros recursos como dibujos animados cuadro por cuadro en una pizarra, pintura directamente plasmada sobre la película, recortes de papel, etc.
Mucha de la tecnología que se utiliza en el género se fue agregando con el paso de los años a las producciones japonesas. Llegando a convertirse poco a poco en el imperio de la industria de la TV a nivel mundial que conocemos hoy.
La posguerra y el auge de la televisión
No fue hasta después de la II Guerra Mundial, en 1948, que surgió la primera compañía de producción de animación japonesa moderna dedicada al entretenimiento, llamada Toei. Sus primeros trabajos estaban relacionados explícitamente con la línea de las películas de Walt Disney, tan populares en Japón como en otros países. Un ejemplo clave fue la mini-épica cinta de ninjas y brujería Shōnen Sarutobi Sasuke, hecha en 1959 y exportada a América con el nombre de Magic boy por la empresa MGM, en 1961.
La industria de la TV empezó a transformarse rápidamente en aquella década, lo que llevó a la animación a obtener más protagonismo en Japón. Hasta este momento, las producciones animadas se habían realizado por y para el país nipón y poco a poco comenzaron a emitirse en territorios de habla inglesa. Sin embargo, todavía no se vinculaban con un género específico y pasaban desapercibidas entre la programación de la televisión occidental.
El año 1963 significó un antes y un despúes en esta historia, ya que se exportó la primera serie completa de anime a los Estados Unidos, Tetsuwan Atomu, conocido como Astro Boy. Una adaptación del manga de Osamu Tezuka sobre un niño robot con superpoderes que se emitió en la cadena NBC, quien más tarde también importaría Kimba el león blanco, del mismo creador. Estos lanzamientos labraron el camino para el anime y empezaron a ganar popularidad entre la audiencia occidental.
Sin embargo, pocos espectadores se dieron cuenta de que las series japonesas habían sido modificadas en gran medida para la adecuación cultural. Además de empezar a redactarse en inglés, a veces también se editaban para eliminar detalles no aceptados por los censores extranjeros. Pasaría mucho tiempo hasta que la audiencia comenzó a exigir los episodios originales.
Fuente de la imagen: MGM
El anime se empieza a moldear
En los años 70, la creciente popularidad de la televisión hizo mella en la industria cinematográfica japonesa, tanto en la películas de acción en vivo como de animación. Muchos de los creadores que habían trabajado exclusivamente en el cine volvieron a la televisión para llenar su creciente demanda de talento. El resultado final fue un período de experimentación agresiva, expansión estilística y una época en la que se acuñaron muchos de los conceptos que se encuentran en el anime hasta el día de hoy.
Entre los géneros más importantes que surgieron durante este periodo, el mecha resonó mucho más fuerte, especializado en robots mécanicos gigantes tripulados por humanos. Destacó el famoso Mazinger Z, una serie de anime que se extendió por todo el mundo como ninguna otra lo había hecho. Se emitió en muchos países de Europa, América Latina y Medio Oriente. El anime comenzaba a crearse un nombre a nivel internacional y destacaba por sus historias profundas, llenas de filosofía oriental.
Fuente de la imagen: Fuji TV
Los años 80 también vieron el surgimiento de varios estudios de animación importantes que se convirtieron en pioneros y creadores de tendencias. El ex animador estrella de los estudios Toei, Hayao Miyazaki, y su colega Isao Takahata fundaron Studio Ghibli, que lanzó éxito tras éxito en esta década, como Mi vecino Totoro. Más tarde, estos estudios crecerían a la par de Walt Disney pero en oriente.
La revolución del vídeo y el DVD
El vídeo casero transformó la industria del anime en los años ochenta incluso más que la televisión. Permitió volver a ver un programa de manera casual sin depender de los estrictos horarios de las emisoras. Esta acción facilitó a los fanáticos acérrimos, llamados otaku, reunirse y compartir su entusiasmo. También creó un nuevo submercado de productos animados como el OVA, Vídeo Animado Original, un trabajo más corto creado directamente para vídeo que a menudo presentaba conceptos más ambiciosos y experimentales.
Incluso después de que la tecnología de vídeo casero estuviera ampliamente disponible, pocos canales dedicados para la distribución de anime existían fuera de Japón. Muchos fanáticos extranjeros importaban discos o cintas, agregaban sus propios subtítulos electrónicamente y llegaron a formar clubes no oficiales para intercambiar películas por membresías. Estas empresas eran pequeñas pero intensamente dedicadas.
La segunda ola tecnológica fue el formato de DVD, que trajo vídeos caseros de alta calidad a los hogares a precios asequibles. Brindó a los fanáticos la mejor manera de ver sus programas favoritos en versión original y sin cortes.
Pronto apareció una amplia gama de productos de múltiples licenciantes en los estantes de venta minorista y de alquiler. Lo que dio paso a la distribución generalizada de muchos más títulos como Sailor Moon, Oliver y Benji, Dragon Ball Z y Pokémon, entre otros. El anime se hizo mucho más accesible para los fanáticos y visible para todos los demás que no lo conocían.
Fuente de la imagen: Toei Funimation
El nuevo milenio y el anime de hoy en día
En los años 2000 el propio crecimiento y expansión del género más allá de las fronteras de Japón estuvieron a punto de hacerlo desaparecer. La llegada de la era digital, el aumento de ancho de banda y de almacenamiento derivaron en la piratería y las copias de contenido. Una sub industria más barata y masiva que la del DVD.
Este fenómeno, junto a la crisis económica mundial a finales de la década, provocaron que muchas empresas hicieran recortes o se hundieran por completo.
A pesar de todo, el anime sobrevivió. La asistencia a las convenciones de fanáticos sigue en aumento. El consumo en las diferentes plataformas disponibles se multiplica con los años y las mismas redes digitales que hicieron posible la piratería se están utilizando ahora para distribuir copias legítimas. La presentación general del anime para los fanáticos no japoneses, la calidad de los doblajes y el contenido adicional para público extranjero es mucho mejor que hace diez o cinco años. El trabajo más experimental comenzó a encontrar público y el anime vive hoy más que nunca, junto con la sociedad que lo creó y el mundo que lo disfruta.
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