La obra de John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, conocido como J. R. R. Tolkien, pasó a la historia por ser uno de los universos fantásticos más complejos, vastos e increíblemente desarrollados de la literatura. Sus novelas clásicas El Hobbit, El Silmarillion y El Señor de Los Anillos conforman un extensísimo imaginario para el que Tolkien concibió mapas, civilizaciones, linajes, culturas y hasta idiomas completos.
Cuando las obras El Señor de Los Anillos y El Hobbit se llevaron a la gran pantalla en dos trilogías a partir del año 2001, la historia de la Tierra Media se popularizó internacionalmente. Los libros ya habían alcanzado en su momento un volumen muy respetable de lectores durante sus publicaciones en los años 50 y 30 respectivamente. Tolkien recibió el reconocimiento inmediato de su entorno, tanto en la universidad de Oxford donde desarrolló su carrera, como en el gremio de la literatura misma.
La genialidad de J. R. R. Tolkien
J. R. R. Tolkien nació en el año 1892 en lo que hoy es Sudáfrica. Labró su carrera profesional y su obra de vida como escritor, poeta, filólogo y lingüista. Áreas en las que desarrolló un talento inimaginable que le llevaría a convertirse en uno de los autores más importantes del siglo XX y de la historia.
Fue profesor de Lengua y Literatura Inglesa en la Universidad de Oxford, principal escenario de su crecimiento como literato.
Desde su juventud más temprana, Tolkien aprendió un sinfín de idiomas que respaldaron su carrera de lingüista. Sabía hablar latín, francés, alemán, inglés medio y antiguo, finlandés, gótico, griego, italiano, noruego antiguo, español, galés y galés medieval. Estaba familiarizado, además, con el esperanto, danés, holandés, lombardo, noruego, ruso, serbio, sueco y otras formas antiguas y dialectos germánicos.
A partir de sus amplios conocimientos en lenguas, comenzó a crear idiomas a los nueve años por divertimento y mera curiosidad. Creó lenguajes completos y listos para ser usados basándose en elementos de las lenguas europeas. Y con el tiempo y el estallido de la I Guerra Mundial en 1917, recibió la inspiración suficiente para idear un lugar en el que dar vida a sus idiomas. Espacios, contextos, historias y hablantes. Una razón de ser de su creación lingüística, una realidad en la que existir.
![J. R. R. Tolkien](https://tintaindomita.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/J.-R.-R.-Tolkien.jpg)
Es así como en la década de los años 20 comenzó a trabajar en el mundo imaginario de Arda y, especialmente, en la Tierra Media.
Los idiomas de El Señor de Los Anillos
Los idiomas son la joya de la corona en la obra literaria de Tolkien. Son el desencadenante de que exista tal universo y sin lugar a dudas la pieza más valiosa de toda la creación. Crear un idioma es algo sumamente complejo y desafiante. Un idioma es una construcción sociocultural que se desarrolla durante décadas y generaciones. Que absorbe parte de la idiosincrasia de sus hablantes y se retroalimenta con ellos. Y que va evolucionando conforme pasa el tiempo, conformando una identidad, una unidad y un símbolo extremadamente trascendental e importante. Crear un elemento así requiere un virtuosismo inconmensurable, habilidades extraordinarias y, por supuesto, una capacidad creativa excepcional.
La genialidad de Tolkien fue mucho más allá. Y es que para dar a sus idiomas la forma y el sentido, creó civilizaciones y razas que lo hablasen. Dotándolos de linajes e historias fantásticas, de filosofía, cultura y personalidad individual y social. Les dio una ubicación en un mapa imaginario, contexto de herencia como especie y conflictos con otras criaturas. Creó una realidad sumamente detallada que pudiera estudiarse tal y como lo hacemos en los libros de historia. Dio lógica a sus personajes desplegándolos en una línea del tiempo dilatada y poniendo nombre a los predecesores varias generaciones atrás. E inventó todo este universo maravilloso como un contenedor para albergar hasta más de 15 idiomas ficticios.
Las lenguas élficas y las de los hombres
Por un lado existe el Eldarin, que se divide en el Quenya y el Sindarin.
El Quenya o alto élfico es la lengua de los elfos de Valinor. Es el idioma más difundido y estudiado de los creados por Tolkien y su máxima representación es el poema Namárië, El lamento de Galadriel, de El Señor de Los Anillos. La inspiración de esta lengua, especialmente a nivel estético, es el latín y el finlandés, pudiendo adquirir también ciertos matices del galés y el griego. El Sindarin o élfico gris es la lengua élfica más hablada de la Tierra Media.
![Inicio del poema Namárië en Quenya, de El lamento de Galadriel. Dice: "Ah! Como oro cayendo de las hojas en el viento, largos años incontables como las alas de los árboles!"](https://tintaindomita.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Inicio-del-poema-Namarie-El-lamento-de-Galadriel-en-Quenya.jpg)
Por otro lado, existe el Adunaico, el idioma del Oeste. Esta lengua pertenece a los habitantes de la isla del Númenor, quienes fundaron las colonias comerciales y fortalezas de la Tierra Media. El Adunaico evolucionó y se fusionó con otros idiomas locales, llamándose más tarde Adûni o Oestron, la Lengua Común. Tiene alguna influencia de las lenguas élficas en léxico y vocabulario, pero más similitud en gramática con el Khuzdûl. el idioma de los enanos. El Adunaico podría concebirse como la raíz del resto de lenguas de la Tierra Media y está mayormente representado en El informe Lowdham, como parte de la obra Los papeles del Notion Club. Libro publicado a partir de manuscritos de Tolkien por su propio hijo tras la muerte del autor.
El desarrollo lingüístico de los idiomas
El Oestron o Lengua Común es la más extendida en la Tierra Media durante la Tercera Edad, era en la que se desarrolla la historia de El Señor de Los Anillos y El Hobbit. Es el idioma que hablan la mayoría de los personajes de ambas tramas, por lo que Tolkien usó el inglés para representarlo. Por esta razón se desconocen sus características lingüísticas, aunque se presupone que guarda mucha relación con el Adunaico por ser su lengua origen.
El Khuzdûl es el idioma adoptado y extendido por los enanos y está escrito en cirth, un alfabeto creado por Tolkien representado por runas. En su mitología, el Khuzdûl fue creado en una de las primeras edades por Daeron, el elfo más importante de Beleriand, del que aprendieron los elfos y los enanos.
![Inscripción en Khuzdûl, la lengua de los enanos. Dice: "Balin, hijo de Fundin, Señor de Moria"](https://tintaindomita.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Inscripcion-en-Khuzdul.jpg)
El Rohírrico es la lengua de los rohirrim, los guerreros y ganaderos del reino de Rohan. Mientras que el inglés representó al Oestron o Lengua Común en las obras de Tolkien, el inglés antiguo lo hizo con el Rohírrico, dando a entender el parentesco entre este idioma y las características conservadoras del reino y sus habitantes. Antes de que los hobbits adoptasen el Oestron, habían desarrollado un idioma propio llamado Kuduk, muy cercano al Rohirrim debido a la proximidad geográfica de sus poblaciones con el reino de Rohan.
Los ents, Mordor y los primeros habitantes de Arda
El Éntico es uno de los idiomas más curiosos y especiales de los creados por Tolkien, ya que implica una serie de cualidades específicamente diseñadas para sus hablantes, los ents. Los ents se toman su tiempo para actuar y para hablar, no hacen nada que no valga la pena ser hecho ni dicen nada que no valga la pena ser dicho. Se rigen por una serie de fuertes preceptos y doctrinas filosóficas basadas en la sabiduría antigua. Y en sociedad, usan esta sabiduría para actuar y decidir por medio de la dialéctica, el parlamento y el consenso. El Éntico está basado en una forma arcaica del Eldarin y se divide en Éntico antiguo y moderno.
La Lengua Negra, como podríamos deducir por su nombre, es la que se habla en Mordor. Fue creada por Sauron para sus propios servidores y sustituir los distintos dialectos usados por los orcos. Tiene su base en el Valarin y el Quenya y Tolkien describió dos formas según su uso: la forma antigua y pura, hablada por Sauron, los Nazguûl y los Olog-hai; y la forma degradada usada por los solados de Barad-dûr. La única representación de la forma pura de Lengua Muerta en las obras es la inscripción en el Anillo Único, el poema de los Anillos de Poder.
![Inscripción del poema de los Anillos de Poder en el Anillo Único, en Lengua Negra antigua](https://tintaindomita.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Inscripcion-del-Anillo-Unico-en-Lengua-Negra.jpg)
«Un Anillo para gobernarlos a todos.
Un Anillo para encontrarlos.
Un Anillo para atraerlos a todos y atarlos en las tinieblas«.
El Valarin es probablemente el idioma más antiguo de todos en el universo creado por Tolkien. Se trata de la lengua de los ainur, los seres espirituales creados por Ilúvatar que poblaron Arda por primera vez.
El legado de J. R. R. Tolkien y El Señor de Los Anillos
Como se ha visto a lo largo de los libros, las películas y la enorme bibliografía de El Señor de Los Anillos desarrollada desde entonces en otros medios, los idiomas de Tolkien no solo fueron ideados y fundados. El autor les dio una historia, una etimología que evolucionó con los acontecimientos que se sucedieron en su propio universo. Los idiomas se expandieron, mutaron, se fusionaron y se transformaron tal y como lo hacen en la vida real.
El desempeño de Tolkien en la literatura podría considerarse una maravilla moderna, pero su trabajo y su legado en la lingüística va mucho más allá. Se convirtió en una proeza sin precedentes que permaneció como herencia para infinidad de disciplinas que trascienden al arte. En el paradigma de la capacidad para imaginar, concebir y crear legítimamente una fantasía tan grandiosa que llega a competir con la mismísima realidad.
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Kelvin Kaemingk has over two decades of helping people make smarter decisions regarding their mortgage and money decisions. He began his career in financial planning and migrated into the mortgage space in 2002. He is passionate and committed to helping people throughout their lives, make the best financial decisions for themselves and their families. As a father of three, and now Papa K (grandpa) to one, a team builder and recruiter, Kelvin thrives on helping others realize their potential, often referenced as “Everyone’s biggest fan”. Kelvin Kaemingk is the Area Manager for loanDepot and Co-Host of the Real Estate Chalk Talk radio program based in the Minneapolis – St. Paul area. Kelvin Kaemingk, NMLS 251124 | Branch NMLS 1139048
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