El 2 de septiembre de 1666 tuvo lugar uno de los acontecimientos más catastróficos de la historia de Londres. El Gran Incendio que destruyó parte de la ciudad y marcó un antes y un después en el curso de crónica británica.
Las causas e hipótesis que envolvieron el trágico suceso
Inglaterra se encontraba, a mitad del siglo XVII, en un conflicto con Francia y Holanda. Pronto surgió, en este contexto, el rumor entre los británicos de que el incendio había sido provocado por grupos de inmigrantes de ambos países. Esto dio lugar a una serie de disturbios entre la población que desencadenaron el linchamiento de franceses y holandeses, entre otros actos de violencia callejera.
Otra de las hipótesis que surgieron en la época era que el incendio formaba parte de una confabulación auspiciada por la Iglesia Católica. Toda una conspiración que, según las teorías tomadas por verdad, se aleja mucho de la realidad.
Lo cierto es que los incendios en Londres eran bastante habituales. Incendios menores, eso sí, debidos a que el fuego era comúnmente utilizado como fuente de luz y calor en la ciudad. Esta costumbre dio lugar a una de las anécdotas más bizarras del suceso. Y es que el entonces alcalde, Thomas Bloodworth, no prestó atención al fuego cuando vio las llamas e ignoró todo peligro potencial, regresando a sus menesteres nocturnos.
La teoría más aceptada por los historiadores es que el Gran Incendio se originó en una panadería situada en la calle Pudding Lane, propiedad de Thomas Farriner, en las primeras horas de la madrugada. Un fuego que empezó siendo inofensivo, pero que debido a proximidad entre los edificios, el calor del verano, el viento y el material con el que se construían las casas, terminó por expandirse rápidamente.
La pérdida de control sobre el desastre hizo que el incendio se propagase por un área de más de dos kilómetros a lo largo del río Támesis, dejando destruida buena parte de la ciudad.
Las consecuencias desastrosas del Gran Incendio de Londres
El Gran Incendio devoró cuatro quintas partes de la ciudad de Londres. Dejó sin hogar a 80,000 personas, arruinando más de 13,000 casas, 87 iglesias y 44 casas gremiales. Destruyó la Catedral de San Pablo, el ayuntamiento de la capital, el palacio correccional y otras prisiones, cuatro puentes sobre el río Támesis y tres puertas de la ciudad.
En conjunto, supuso una de las mayores catástrofes de la historia de Londres y obligó a evacuar a gran parte de la población hacia zonas alejadas al desastre.
Oportunidades de progreso después del incendio
Aunque las primeras consecuencias del suceso fueron absolutamente devastadoras, el Gran Incendio de Londres supuso también una serie de oportunidades que dieron pie al progreso de los servicios y la industria del país.
El Acta de Reconstrucción de 1667
Un año después de los acontecimientos, se promulgó un decreto real por el que nació una nueva regulación de la construcción y la arquitectura inglesa.
El Acta de Reconstrucción eliminó con contundencia la posibilidad de emplear materiales susceptibles a incendios, como paja o madera. Todos los edificios deberían hacerse con piedra o ladrillo y obedecer ciertas restricciones para los pisos superiores. Cualquier construcción que no siguiera estas normas, sería demolida de inmediato.
Esta ley aplicó también en los sistemas de suministro de agua, que al ser de madera, también habían sido destruidos. El desarrollo de la nueva infraestructura y accesos de agua para apagar fuegos futuros fue el primer antecedente a las bocas de incendio que conocemos hoy.
El nacimiento de la industria aseguradora
Tras el volumen de inmuebles destruidos en el incendio, se estableció la Corte de Fuego. Una institución destinada a resolver los problemas derivados del suceso como las disputas de propiedad, responsabilidades de pago y reconstrucción de los edificios. Este organismo desarrolló sus funciones durante más de diez años después del incendio y fue el precedente de las primeras compañías de seguros.
Fue el médico y economista inglés, Nicholas Barbon, quien vio una oportunidad de negocio y creó la primera empresa aseguradora en 1667, llamada Oficina de Incendios.
Esta empresa otorgaba placas identificadoras con el número de póliza a sus clientes, a los que daba servicio directo una brigada contra incendios propiedad de la misma compañía.
Posteriormente y a la vista del éxito empresarial de este negocio, se abrieron más compañías que desarrollaron el mercado y lo evolucionaron, diversificándolo hasta el concepto de aseguradoras que tenemos hoy.
El Gran Incendio como fin de la peste bubónica
Para sorpresa de muchos el Gran Incendio tuvo lugar en un momento en el que Londres padecía el desgaste de la peste bubónica, enfermedad que mató a más de una quinta parte de la población.
En aquella época, gran parte de los londinenses habían abandonado la ciudad para huir de la epidemia. Incluyendo al Rey y otras autoridades de la capital británica. Los últimos casos de enfermedad que todavía persistían en Londres coincidieron justo con el incendio. Muy probablemente debido a que se trataba de población empobrecida y sin recursos para salir de allí.
Estas personas enfermas fallecieron por las llamas o abandonaron los suburbios en los que vivían, por lo que la peste fue finalmente abolida.
Una consecuencia un tanto extraña en un contexto desolador que dejó a la ciudad hundida y desmoralizada. Sucesos que la obligaron a resurgir de sus cenizas, a reconstruirse y a erigirse como una de las más importantes a nivel mundial a día de hoy.
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