Actualmente se están desarrollando robots microscópicos, llamados neutrobots, que podrían navegar por el cuerpo para realizar tareas médicas que hasta el día de hoy se consideraban imposibles. Por ejemplo, la administración de terapias, fármacos o cirugías dirigidas directamente contra el cáncer. En un estudio publicado en marzo del 2021, los científicos crearon microrobots basados en neutrófilos, un tipo de glóbulo blanco, controlados magnéticamente. Estos dispositivos se aplicaron a ratones, traspasando la barrera hematoencefálica para administrar medicamentos a las células cancerosas que tenían en el cerebro. El experimento concluyó de manera exitosa. Este análisis se encuentra todavía en etapa de prueba, pero el concepto en general es innovador. Es una nueva forma de pensar sobre cómo enviar fármacos y otro tipo de sustancias directamente al cerebro.
Un reto bastante importante en el tratamiento de enfermedades neurológicas es lograr que los medicamentos superen la barrera hematoencefálica. Un límite altamente selectivo que impide que la mayoría de las sustancias ingresen al cerebro. Pero a ciertos glóbulos blancos se les concede acceso especial para tratar las infecciones y la inflamación. Lo que los convierte en buenos «caballos de Troya» para que los medicamentos superen dicha obstrucción.
Errores anteriores y mejoras con los neutrobots
En estudios anteriores, los investigadores han cargado medicamentos contra el cáncer de cerebro en neutrófilos y macrófagos, que tienen la capacidad natural de detectar el cáncer porque nadan hacia concentraciones más altas de sustancias químicas inflamatorias liberadas por el tejido enfermo. Pero estas iteraciones pasadas que transportaban fármacos no lograron tratar por completo los tumores cerebrales de los ratones. Probablemente debido en parte a la lenta migración al sitio de la enfermedad.
Para mejorar la velocidad y el control, los investigadores han dotado a los microbots de elementos estructurales parecidos a los espermatozoides, bacterias o glóbulos rojos y les agregaron material magnético para guiarlos externamente.
Se hizo un experimento específico para tratar el glioma, un tipo de cáncer cerebral de los ratones. Se diseñaron microrobots basados en neutrófilos o neutrobots, que podían controlarse con el ya probado campo magnético. Primero, el equipo fabricó nanopartículas a partir de un gel incrustado con perlas magnéticas de óxido de hierro y el medicamento contra el cáncer ampliamente utilizado. A continuación, las nanopartículas se envolvieron en la membrana bacteriana de E.coli. Disfrazadas ahora de bacterias dañinas, las nanopartículas fueron engullidas por neutrófilos de ratón in vitro. El manto bacteriano también previno la fuga prematura de medicamentos e hizo que las partículas fueran menos tóxicas.
Las evaluaciones hechas con neutrobots
El equipo probó la capacidad de navegación y administración de fármacos de los neutrobots in vitro. Bajo el control de un campo magnético giratorio, los neutrobots alcanzaron una velocidad de 16,4 micrómetros por segundo. Aproximadamente 50 veces más rápido que la velocidad de los neutrófilos naturales. Al monitorear los neutrobots a través de un microscopio, los investigadores podrían dirigirlos para que se muevan en orientaciones complejas sobre un sustrato artificial.
Para evaluar la capacidad de búsqueda de inflamación de los neutrobots, los investigadores los colocaron en un gel con un gradiente de concentración de un factor inflamatorio. Los neutrobots migraron hacia concentraciones más altas de la sustancia química a una velocidad similar a la de los neutrófilos naturales.
Los resultados de las pruebas de los neutrobots
Finalmente, los investigadores probaron si los robots podrían tratar el cáncer de cerebro en ratones. Primero, inyectaron células de glioma en cerebros de ratones. Después de 10 días, realizaron una cirugía en algunos de los ratones para extirpar una parte del tumor a fin de estimular las señales inflamatorias que atraen los neutrófilos. Inyectaron neutrobots en las colas de todos los ratones y, en un subconjunto de ellos, utilizaron un campo magnético giratorio para dirigir los neutrobots hacia el cerebro.
Mediante el uso de imágenes de resonancia magnética, el equipo descubrió que se acumulaban más neutrobots alrededor de los gliomas en ratones tratados tanto con cirugía como con el campo magnético en comparación con los ratones que no estaban expuestos al mismo, no se sometieron a cirugía o no recibieron ninguna. Los ratones doblemente tratados también sobrevivieron más tiempo, evidencia de que las dos intervenciones se complementaron entre sí. La microscopia electrónica de transmisión confirmó que los neutrobots penetraron exitosamente en la barrera hemátoencefalica y entraron en el tejido del glioma.
El uso de los microbots en seres humanos
Este estudio es valioso porque demuestra el tratamiento eficaz de tumores en seres vivientes, un objetivo de muchos investigadores en el campo. Pero antes de que los microrobots puedan usarse para tratar el cáncer en las personas, todavía hay una serie de desafíos que deben superarse. Uno de ellos es mejorar el porcentaje de microrobots que llegan al tumor.
Una vez que los microrrobots llegan al sitio de la enfermedad, otro obstáculo es asegurarse de que administren suficiente medicamento. Es necesario aumentar la carga útil general de medicamentos en el interior y también controlar la liberación prematura de fármaco.
Debido a que un solo microrobot no puede transportar suficiente medicina para tratar una enfermedad, los investigadores están tratando de comprender cómo se mueven como enjambres, similar a los movimientos colectivos de grupos de hormigas, peces o aves. Si se conoce la cantidad de fármaco que se carga por microrobot, se puede controlar la dosis del fármaco contenido en ellos de forma controlada. En el experimento se descubrió que los neutrobots formaban cadenas de cuatro in vitro y estos enjambres nadaban unas cinco veces más rápido que los robots individuales. Pero según nuevos investigadores de microrobots, todo apunta a que en el futuro se podría llegar a usar enjambres de cientos, miles o incluso millones para combatir los padecimientos.
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