El juramento hipocrático es un compromiso manifiesto que juran todos los graduados en medicina de acuerdo a la buena praxis en su desempeño como médicos y doctores. Se trata de una lista de obligaciones éticas que, desde su promulgación original en la Antigüedad, ha evolucionado adaptándose a los tiempos hasta el día de hoy.
El juramento hipocrático original
Hipócrates fue una de las figuras más importantes en la historia de la medicina, para muchos ‘el padre’ de esta disciplina. Ejerció durante el llamado siglo de Pericles en la Antigua Grecia (V a.C.). Y a él se le atribuye parte del progreso de la medicina clínica, así como la recopilación del conocimiento médico y la creación de escuela, al instruir a nuevos aprendices. Su método y enseñanza se convirtieron en el fundamento teórico de la medicina occidental y árabe, tomando su forma definitiva de la mano de Galeno, médico, cirujano y filósofo griego en el Imperio Romano, durante el siglo II d.C.
En esta época, la curación pasó de un concepto mágico a clínico. Alejándose de los principios religiosos y llegando a considerarse un arte apegado a la ciencia.
Fue así como surgió el primer escrito ético donde constaba el compromiso de la persona que asumía la responsabilidad de curar al prójimo, actuando siempre en beneficio del ser humano sin perjudicarlo.
La admiración a la cultura grecorromana durante el Renacimiento reavivó el interés por las antiguas escuelas médicas, incorporando costumbres poco a poco en las prácticas modernas de algunos países. Esta premisa se mantuvo hasta el día de hoy, actualizándose de acuerdo a las características del momento y los avances mismos de la medicina.
La versión actual del juramento
El juramento hipocrático se actualizó por última vez en 1948 por la llamada Declaración de Ginebra ante la Asociación Médica Mundial. Desde entonces, fue revisada en numerosas ocasiones (1968, 1983, 2005, 2006 y 2017), siendo esta último la versión que se mantiene actualmente. Dice lo siguiente:
«Como miembro de la profesión médica, prometo solemnemente: Dedicar mi vida al servicio de la humanidad; velar ante todo por la salud y el bienestar de mis pacientes;
respetar la autonomía y la dignidad de mis pacientes;
velar con el máximo respeto por la vida humana;
no permitir que consideraciones de edad, enfermedad o incapacidad, credo, origen étnico, sexo, nacionalidad, afiliación política, raza, orientación sexual, clase social o cualquier otro factor se interpongan entre mis deberes y mis pacientes;
guardar y respetar los secretos que se me hayan confiado, incluso después del fallecimiento de mis pacientes;
ejercer mi profesión con conciencia y dignidad, conforme a la buena práctica médica;
promover el honor y las nobles tradiciones de la profesión médica;
otorgar a mis maestros, colegas y estudiantes el respeto y la gratitud que merecen;
compartir mis conocimientos médicos en beneficio del paciente y del avance de la salud;
cuidar de mi propia salud, bienestar y capacidades para prestar una atención médica del más alto nivel;
no emplear mis conocimientos médicos para violar los derechos humanos y las libertades ciudadanas, ni siquiera bajo amenaza;
hago esta promesa solemne y libremente, empeñando mi palabra de honor«.
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